517
human exposure, 307–308
industrial usage, 304
international concern, 308–309
long-chain, 306
long-range transport, 314
nomenclature, 303
and polymers, 302
precursors, 305
short-chain, 305, 306, 314
tissue distribution, 305
toxic effects, 304
transportation processes, 305
uses, 304
workplace exposure, 307
Periodic fasting, 444
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
gamma (PPARγ), 373
Peroxynitrite radical, 65
Persistent organic pollutant (POPs), 492
and diabetes, 139
PCB-induced alterations, 139
Personal care products, 370
Pesticides
acaricide, 268
active ingredients, 268
agriculture policies, 292
as EDCs, 266, 275
apoptosis and cell cycle, 290
damage to lipids, 283
on carbohydrate hemostasis, 280
DNA effect, 281, 283
energy homeostasis, 285–287
enzymatic antioxidant defense
systems, 290
on epigenetics, 285, 287–288
growth factors and hormones, 279
on insulin resistance, 280–281
on lipid metabolism, 282–283
obesity, 283, 284
on oxidative stress, 288, 289
protein damage, 281
reproductive and developmental
processes, 282, 284
sexual dimorphism, 284–285
classification, 267, 269
in crops
annual consumption, 269
applications, 273
cost-benefits, 269
immunological effects, 273
Japan, 274
OCPs, 269
Pakistan, 272
PCBs, 269
environmental pollution, 266
enzymatic metabolism, 278
history, 267
human exposure, 275–276
and human health, 276
metabolism, 275, 277–278
modern synthetic, 267
non-systemic, 267
physicochemical characteristics, 267
potent, 268
precautionary measures, 291
safety measurement, 290
safety precautions during handling,
289, 291
sources and methods, pesticide exposure,
268, 270
synthetic, 274
understanding of risk, 289, 291
Pharmaceutical products
antipsychotic drugs, 362
antiviral drugs, 360
as EDCs, 358, 359
as medication, 358
depression related drugs, 361
diuretics, 363
epileptic disorders and related
medications, 362
immunosuppression drugs, 359, 360
oral contraceptives, 360
β-blockers, 362, 363
Pharmaceutical wastes, 358
Pharmaceuticals, 368–370
Phenolics compounds, 498
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), 73
Phenylketonuria, 73
IEMs, 73
molecular genetics and classification, 73
Phosphate fertilizers, 205
Phosphoenolpyruvate, 208
Phosphorous, 224
Photon-correlation spectroscopy (PCS), 426
Phthalates, 118, 141, 494
applications, 240, 241
and BPA, 154
biotransformation, 244
DEHP, 242
DEPH, 240
description, 240
as EDCs
chemical signaling, 245
exposures, 247
general health impacts, 247–248
hormones, 243
insulin resistance, 246–247
Index
human exposure, 307–308
industrial usage, 304
international concern, 308–309
long-chain, 306
long-range transport, 314
nomenclature, 303
and polymers, 302
precursors, 305
short-chain, 305, 306, 314
tissue distribution, 305
toxic effects, 304
transportation processes, 305
uses, 304
workplace exposure, 307
Periodic fasting, 444
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
gamma (PPARγ), 373
Peroxynitrite radical, 65
Persistent organic pollutant (POPs), 492
and diabetes, 139
PCB-induced alterations, 139
Personal care products, 370
Pesticides
acaricide, 268
active ingredients, 268
agriculture policies, 292
as EDCs, 266, 275
apoptosis and cell cycle, 290
damage to lipids, 283
on carbohydrate hemostasis, 280
DNA effect, 281, 283
energy homeostasis, 285–287
enzymatic antioxidant defense
systems, 290
on epigenetics, 285, 287–288
growth factors and hormones, 279
on insulin resistance, 280–281
on lipid metabolism, 282–283
obesity, 283, 284
on oxidative stress, 288, 289
protein damage, 281
reproductive and developmental
processes, 282, 284
sexual dimorphism, 284–285
classification, 267, 269
in crops
annual consumption, 269
applications, 273
cost-benefits, 269
immunological effects, 273
Japan, 274
OCPs, 269
Pakistan, 272
PCBs, 269
environmental pollution, 266
enzymatic metabolism, 278
history, 267
human exposure, 275–276
and human health, 276
metabolism, 275, 277–278
modern synthetic, 267
non-systemic, 267
physicochemical characteristics, 267
potent, 268
precautionary measures, 291
safety measurement, 290
safety precautions during handling,
289, 291
sources and methods, pesticide exposure,
268, 270
synthetic, 274
understanding of risk, 289, 291
Pharmaceutical products
antipsychotic drugs, 362
antiviral drugs, 360
as EDCs, 358, 359
as medication, 358
depression related drugs, 361
diuretics, 363
epileptic disorders and related
medications, 362
immunosuppression drugs, 359, 360
oral contraceptives, 360
β-blockers, 362, 363
Pharmaceutical wastes, 358
Pharmaceuticals, 368–370
Phenolics compounds, 498
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), 73
Phenylketonuria, 73
IEMs, 73
molecular genetics and classification, 73
Phosphate fertilizers, 205
Phosphoenolpyruvate, 208
Phosphorous, 224
Photon-correlation spectroscopy (PCS), 426
Phthalates, 118, 141, 494
applications, 240, 241
and BPA, 154
biotransformation, 244
DEHP, 242
DEPH, 240
description, 240
as EDCs
chemical signaling, 245
exposures, 247
general health impacts, 247–248
hormones, 243
insulin resistance, 246–247
Index