518
Phthalates (cont.)
lipophilic, 245
metabolites, 247
overweight and obesity, 245, 246
type 2 diabetes, 246–247
hormone secretions, 243, 245
mean and route, 242
phthalic anhydride, 240
physical bonding, 240
transformation, 243
Physical activity, 403
Phytomedicines, 490
Pineal gland, 17
Pituitary apoplexy, 33
Pituitary gland
ADH, 10
frontal lobe, 7
hypothalamus, 6, 7
posterior, 9
Pituitary gland disorders
barberry root, 461
bladder wrack, 460
Kelp, 461
versatile functions, 461
Plant thyroid, 461
Plastic, 240, 344
Plasticizer, 240
See also Phthalates
Pollutants, 222
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), 273,
277, 287
Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDPE), 224,
226, 228, 229, 232
Polycaprolactone (PCL), 412
Polycarbonate plastics, 252
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
AhR, 168
chemical structures, 163
chronic exposure, 166
classification, 163
diabetes, 166
hepatic steatosis, 165
homologues, 164
humans, 164
in industry, 162
metabolism, 165
occurrence, 163
reproductive toxicities, 167
steatosis, 165
TCCD, 164
thyroid hormone metabolism, 167
type II diabetes, 166
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
AhR, 330
aromatic rings, 325
biological activity
enzymatic tests, 336
in vitro cell assay, 335
in vivo assays, 336
microbial tests, 335
plasmid vector reporter gene assay, 335
and carcinogenic pathways, 334
childhood obesity, 333
endocrine and endocrine disruptors, 330
ePAHs, 326, 329
excessive exposure, 330
mechanism of toxicity, 333–334
and metabolic pathways
activation, 331
and enzymes, 331
fats, 331
mechanisms, obesogenic EDCs, 332
obesity, 331
organic compounds, 325
organic substances, 325
prenatal exposure, 333
as priority pollutants, 326–328
removal, 325
sources, 325
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 84
life-style management, 90
pathogenesis, 89
phosphatidylcholine, 90
symptoms, 90
therapeutic targets, 90
women, 89
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), 307
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), 412
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 183
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 240
Pompe disease, 50
Porous layer open tubular (PLOT), 185
Posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin hormone, 10
PPARɣ agonist medications, 137
Probiotics, 497
Progesterone, 18
Prolactin, 8
Prolactin deficiency, 33
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, 259
Protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2), 87
Protein, 397–399
Protein biosynthesis, 394
Protein Kinase C activation, 89
Index
Phthalates (cont.)
lipophilic, 245
metabolites, 247
overweight and obesity, 245, 246
type 2 diabetes, 246–247
hormone secretions, 243, 245
mean and route, 242
phthalic anhydride, 240
physical bonding, 240
transformation, 243
Physical activity, 403
Phytomedicines, 490
Pineal gland, 17
Pituitary apoplexy, 33
Pituitary gland
ADH, 10
frontal lobe, 7
hypothalamus, 6, 7
posterior, 9
Pituitary gland disorders
barberry root, 461
bladder wrack, 460
Kelp, 461
versatile functions, 461
Plant thyroid, 461
Plastic, 240, 344
Plasticizer, 240
See also Phthalates
Pollutants, 222
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), 273,
277, 287
Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDPE), 224,
226, 228, 229, 232
Polycaprolactone (PCL), 412
Polycarbonate plastics, 252
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
AhR, 168
chemical structures, 163
chronic exposure, 166
classification, 163
diabetes, 166
hepatic steatosis, 165
homologues, 164
humans, 164
in industry, 162
metabolism, 165
occurrence, 163
reproductive toxicities, 167
steatosis, 165
TCCD, 164
thyroid hormone metabolism, 167
type II diabetes, 166
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
AhR, 330
aromatic rings, 325
biological activity
enzymatic tests, 336
in vitro cell assay, 335
in vivo assays, 336
microbial tests, 335
plasmid vector reporter gene assay, 335
and carcinogenic pathways, 334
childhood obesity, 333
endocrine and endocrine disruptors, 330
ePAHs, 326, 329
excessive exposure, 330
mechanism of toxicity, 333–334
and metabolic pathways
activation, 331
and enzymes, 331
fats, 331
mechanisms, obesogenic EDCs, 332
obesity, 331
organic compounds, 325
organic substances, 325
prenatal exposure, 333
as priority pollutants, 326–328
removal, 325
sources, 325
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 84
life-style management, 90
pathogenesis, 89
phosphatidylcholine, 90
symptoms, 90
therapeutic targets, 90
women, 89
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs), 307
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), 412
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 183
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 240
Pompe disease, 50
Porous layer open tubular (PLOT), 185
Posterior pituitary gland
oxytocin hormone, 10
PPARɣ agonist medications, 137
Probiotics, 497
Progesterone, 18
Prolactin, 8
Prolactin deficiency, 33
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, 259
Protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2), 87
Protein, 397–399
Protein biosynthesis, 394
Protein Kinase C activation, 89
Index