493
extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and potentiates glucose-induced
insulin secretion and protected β-cell function [30].
Genistein
An isoflavone found in variety of plants like soybeans, fava beans, and chickpeas
and exhibits health benefits [32, 33]. Dietary supplementation of genistein improves
glucose tolerance, increases β-cell mass, and reduces apoptosis [34].
Hesperidin
Hesperidin possesses beneficial effects for treatment of T2DM. It is found in citrus
fruits such as oranges and lemons. Hesperidin increases serum insulin and decreases
glucose and HbA1c, vitamin C, and vitamin E [35]. Hesperidin has antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant properties [36–38].
Rutin
Rutin is a flavonoid that also possesses antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and neuroprotective properties. Vegetables and fruits including figs, buckwheat, asparagus
and apples are rich source of flavanoids [39–41]. Rutin improves oxidative stress,
decreases serum glucose, and decreases serum lipids [42].
Carotenoid
Lycopene is a carotenoid that exhibits antidiabetic effect. The source of lycopene is
pink grapefruit and tomatoes. Lycopene decreases lipid peroxidation and increases
activity of antioxidant enzymes which in turn increase insulin level, decrease glucose levels, and improve serum lipids profiles [43–46]. Lycopene provides protection to kidneys against diabetes mellitus induced morphologic destructions [47].
Therefore, lycopene has the property to improve vascular complications associated
with T2DM.
Vitamins
Vitamin A is effective for treatment of T2DM because it regenerates β cells and
increases insulin sensitivity [48]. Vitamin D reduces risk of T2DM by modulating β
cell function. It also increases insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation
[43].Vitamin E has been considered to improve activities of antioxidant enzymes
such as glutathione reductase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and hence signifi28 Bioactive Compounds for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders
extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and potentiates glucose-induced
insulin secretion and protected β-cell function [30].
Genistein
An isoflavone found in variety of plants like soybeans, fava beans, and chickpeas
and exhibits health benefits [32, 33]. Dietary supplementation of genistein improves
glucose tolerance, increases β-cell mass, and reduces apoptosis [34].
Hesperidin
Hesperidin possesses beneficial effects for treatment of T2DM. It is found in citrus
fruits such as oranges and lemons. Hesperidin increases serum insulin and decreases
glucose and HbA1c, vitamin C, and vitamin E [35]. Hesperidin has antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antidepressant properties [36–38].
Rutin
Rutin is a flavonoid that also possesses antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and neuroprotective properties. Vegetables and fruits including figs, buckwheat, asparagus
and apples are rich source of flavanoids [39–41]. Rutin improves oxidative stress,
decreases serum glucose, and decreases serum lipids [42].
Carotenoid
Lycopene is a carotenoid that exhibits antidiabetic effect. The source of lycopene is
pink grapefruit and tomatoes. Lycopene decreases lipid peroxidation and increases
activity of antioxidant enzymes which in turn increase insulin level, decrease glucose levels, and improve serum lipids profiles [43–46]. Lycopene provides protection to kidneys against diabetes mellitus induced morphologic destructions [47].
Therefore, lycopene has the property to improve vascular complications associated
with T2DM.
Vitamins
Vitamin A is effective for treatment of T2DM because it regenerates β cells and
increases insulin sensitivity [48]. Vitamin D reduces risk of T2DM by modulating β
cell function. It also increases insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation
[43].Vitamin E has been considered to improve activities of antioxidant enzymes
such as glutathione reductase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and hence signifi28 Bioactive Compounds for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders