434
Blood Pressure
Hypertension is a major global burden and a contributor to cardiovascular disorders,
for example; stroke, peripheral vascular disease, cardiac failure, and myocardial
infarction [96]. The antihypertensive drugs are facing the challenges of dose, bioavailability, and side effects which greatly influence their efficacy. Aliskiren loaded
magnetic poly(d,l-lactide) NPs have shown improved blood pressure control in the
hypertensive rats as compared to commonly administered drugs. Similarly, VP5PLGANPs demonstrated an in vitro sustained release profile of VP5 and a prolong
antihypertensive effect of 96 h with improved in vivo efficacy [97]. Nifedipine has
short elimination half-life and rapid onset of action, and polymeric NPs of nifedipine have exhibited an increase in the bioavailability and median survival rate.
Sustained drug release and a significant reduction in the blood pressure were also
observed. Polymers that are widely employed for oral administration of high blood
pressure of drugs are poly-caprolactone, chitosan, Eudragit, polystyrene, and
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. PLGA-NPs have shown 4 days of long-lasting
reduction of systolic blood pressure than free drug and in vitro sustained release [98].
Various liposomal formulations have previously been developed successfully for
hypertension in animal models. Liposomal preparation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a prominent example among all because of marked immunomodulating, vasodilatory, and antiproliferative properties [99]. Proliposomes encapsulated
lercanidipine has shown long-lasting (about 24 h) as well as an immediate decrease
in the SBP with a half-life of 6.95 h, as compared to the free drug (5.26 h) [100].
Another study has presented the advantage of reduced mean arterial blood pressure
(by 50 mm Hg) and improved circulation time (5 h) [101].
Inflammation
Inflammation is considered to be the body’s normal immune response and it can be
triggered by several factors, such as damaged cells pathogens, and toxic compounds.
The acute inflammation is because of the pathogenic, mechanical, chemical effects,
which have a short duration of several hours to several days. Chronic inflammation
is independent of stimulus and can produce various painful and debilitating symptoms. A study has shown the potential of G5-FA-MTX dendrimers in reducing
arthritic inflammation parameters, for example, leg volume, knee swelling, bone
resorption, cartilage damage, and body weight [102]. PLA-PEG NPs enhanced the
anti-inflammatory response of rosiglitazone on macrophages by increasing drug
uptake than the free drug [103].
Z. Iqbal et al.
Blood Pressure
Hypertension is a major global burden and a contributor to cardiovascular disorders,
for example; stroke, peripheral vascular disease, cardiac failure, and myocardial
infarction [96]. The antihypertensive drugs are facing the challenges of dose, bioavailability, and side effects which greatly influence their efficacy. Aliskiren loaded
magnetic poly(d,l-lactide) NPs have shown improved blood pressure control in the
hypertensive rats as compared to commonly administered drugs. Similarly, VP5PLGANPs demonstrated an in vitro sustained release profile of VP5 and a prolong
antihypertensive effect of 96 h with improved in vivo efficacy [97]. Nifedipine has
short elimination half-life and rapid onset of action, and polymeric NPs of nifedipine have exhibited an increase in the bioavailability and median survival rate.
Sustained drug release and a significant reduction in the blood pressure were also
observed. Polymers that are widely employed for oral administration of high blood
pressure of drugs are poly-caprolactone, chitosan, Eudragit, polystyrene, and
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. PLGA-NPs have shown 4 days of long-lasting
reduction of systolic blood pressure than free drug and in vitro sustained release [98].
Various liposomal formulations have previously been developed successfully for
hypertension in animal models. Liposomal preparation of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a prominent example among all because of marked immunomodulating, vasodilatory, and antiproliferative properties [99]. Proliposomes encapsulated
lercanidipine has shown long-lasting (about 24 h) as well as an immediate decrease
in the SBP with a half-life of 6.95 h, as compared to the free drug (5.26 h) [100].
Another study has presented the advantage of reduced mean arterial blood pressure
(by 50 mm Hg) and improved circulation time (5 h) [101].
Inflammation
Inflammation is considered to be the body’s normal immune response and it can be
triggered by several factors, such as damaged cells pathogens, and toxic compounds.
The acute inflammation is because of the pathogenic, mechanical, chemical effects,
which have a short duration of several hours to several days. Chronic inflammation
is independent of stimulus and can produce various painful and debilitating symptoms. A study has shown the potential of G5-FA-MTX dendrimers in reducing
arthritic inflammation parameters, for example, leg volume, knee swelling, bone
resorption, cartilage damage, and body weight [102]. PLA-PEG NPs enhanced the
anti-inflammatory response of rosiglitazone on macrophages by increasing drug
uptake than the free drug [103].
Z. Iqbal et al.