433
Ceramic Nanoparticles
Ceramic NPs are composed of silica aluminum, calcium phosphate, or titanium.
They have advantages of biocompatibility, narrow size (<50 nm), ease of preparation, and good stability [86]. Ceramic NPs have shown the potential to protect the
spatial features of insulin for demonstrating improved therapeutic effect [87]. These
NPs efficiently protect the molecules from denaturation owing to the variations in
the external temperature and pH.
Micelles
Micelles delivery systems are composed of a surfactant or amphiphilic molecules,
have a hydrophobic core and their size must be < 100 nm [88, 89]. Stimuliresponsive micelles have exhibited their ability for controlled release of insulin for
potential diabetes mellitus therapy [90].
Liposomes
Liposomes are spherical vesicles with the hydrophobic groups towards the center
and hydrophilic groups arranged to the outer side of the molecule. Folic acid (FA)
functionalized liposomes revealed nearly double hypoglycemia and about 20% relative bioavailability than insulin solution administered subcutaneously [91].
Abdominal Obesity and Fat Tissue
There is a gradual increase in the global epidemics of obesity as it is regarded as the
fifth risk factor for mortality [92]. The death rate of a normal individual is 20%
lower as compared to the obese person [93]. Obesity is associated with pertinent
diseases, for example, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, bladder diseases,
asthma, chronic lower back pain, and inflammation of the joints. In obese persons,
a possible cause of overweight is the impairment of the metabolism of fat which
causes the accumulation of fats in the body. A study has shown that gold NPs can be
used as an approach for treating obesity and the diseases pertinent to obesity [94].
It has been suggested that NPs in the range of 1–2 nm are generally toxic, while
gold NPs of diameter 15 nm are commonly inexpensive [95]. PLA-PEG NPs have
presented increased expression of angiogenic and BAT markers, inhibition of weight
gain and increased angiogenesis. Phospholipids and cholesterol-based liposomes
have shown decreased deposition of the ectopic fat in muscle and liver. Furthermore,
exhibited a decreased level of leptin, adipocyte size, and body weight [45]. Lipid
nanostructures such as NLC-OEA/PAO-Cap formulations showed an ameliorating
effect on glucose level, cholesterol, triglycerides profile and body weight.
25 Role of Nanoparticles in the Management of Metabolic Disorders
Ceramic Nanoparticles
Ceramic NPs are composed of silica aluminum, calcium phosphate, or titanium.
They have advantages of biocompatibility, narrow size (<50 nm), ease of preparation, and good stability [86]. Ceramic NPs have shown the potential to protect the
spatial features of insulin for demonstrating improved therapeutic effect [87]. These
NPs efficiently protect the molecules from denaturation owing to the variations in
the external temperature and pH.
Micelles
Micelles delivery systems are composed of a surfactant or amphiphilic molecules,
have a hydrophobic core and their size must be < 100 nm [88, 89]. Stimuliresponsive micelles have exhibited their ability for controlled release of insulin for
potential diabetes mellitus therapy [90].
Liposomes
Liposomes are spherical vesicles with the hydrophobic groups towards the center
and hydrophilic groups arranged to the outer side of the molecule. Folic acid (FA)
functionalized liposomes revealed nearly double hypoglycemia and about 20% relative bioavailability than insulin solution administered subcutaneously [91].
Abdominal Obesity and Fat Tissue
There is a gradual increase in the global epidemics of obesity as it is regarded as the
fifth risk factor for mortality [92]. The death rate of a normal individual is 20%
lower as compared to the obese person [93]. Obesity is associated with pertinent
diseases, for example, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, bladder diseases,
asthma, chronic lower back pain, and inflammation of the joints. In obese persons,
a possible cause of overweight is the impairment of the metabolism of fat which
causes the accumulation of fats in the body. A study has shown that gold NPs can be
used as an approach for treating obesity and the diseases pertinent to obesity [94].
It has been suggested that NPs in the range of 1–2 nm are generally toxic, while
gold NPs of diameter 15 nm are commonly inexpensive [95]. PLA-PEG NPs have
presented increased expression of angiogenic and BAT markers, inhibition of weight
gain and increased angiogenesis. Phospholipids and cholesterol-based liposomes
have shown decreased deposition of the ectopic fat in muscle and liver. Furthermore,
exhibited a decreased level of leptin, adipocyte size, and body weight [45]. Lipid
nanostructures such as NLC-OEA/PAO-Cap formulations showed an ameliorating
effect on glucose level, cholesterol, triglycerides profile and body weight.
25 Role of Nanoparticles in the Management of Metabolic Disorders