425
ered optimum for the storage of biodegradable polymeric NPs for enhancing the
NPs stability.
Lyophilization of NPs
It is the most usually employed approach for the removal of water contents from the
NPs. The principle of this technique is the sublimation and desorption process by
which it removes water from a completely frozen material under vacuum.
Cryoprotectants are added in the product prior to freeze drying to prevent the NPs
from desiccation stresses. Commonly used cryoprotectants are mannitol, trehalose,
glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose. These saccharides act as spacing matrix and
prevent agglomeration of NPs. Freeze drying is generally performed at a temperature less than the glass transition temperature (Tg) with the aim to immobilize the
particles within the glassy matrix of the freeze-drying agents.
Physicochemical Characteristics of NPs
Particle Size
The size of NPs influences the degradation of the polymer as well as the release of
the drug. NPs can cross the BBB since NPs have higher internalization potential as
compared to the MPs. Particles of larger sizes localized in tissue epithelial lining,
while NPs can cross the submucosal layers. Nanotechnology is at the forefront of
the development of novel materials. Regardless of the diversity in the application of
NPs, their performance depends on the particle size, morphology, and surface properties. Therefore, NPs characterization is a critical step in nanotechnology R &
D. Various methods have been employed for measuring, detecting, and characterizing the nanoparticles. The selection of the method is based on the kind of sample,
desired information, time limitations, and the cost of sample analysis. Particle size
furnishes imperative information about NPs, it is one of the essential determinants
of biodistribution as well as clearance parameters of the NPs in target tissues. The
most crucial parameters among all of NPs’ characterization are particle size distribution and morphology. The size and morphology of NPs are determined by electron microscopy. Numerous tools have been employed for NPs size measurement.
Some of them are stated below:
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
This technique is arguably famous for enabling size, morphological and surface
analysis of NPs with direct visualization. Electron microscopy-based techniques
have several advantages in evaluating the size and morphology, at the same time
25 Role of Nanoparticles in the Management of Metabolic Disorders
ered optimum for the storage of biodegradable polymeric NPs for enhancing the
NPs stability.
Lyophilization of NPs
It is the most usually employed approach for the removal of water contents from the
NPs. The principle of this technique is the sublimation and desorption process by
which it removes water from a completely frozen material under vacuum.
Cryoprotectants are added in the product prior to freeze drying to prevent the NPs
from desiccation stresses. Commonly used cryoprotectants are mannitol, trehalose,
glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose. These saccharides act as spacing matrix and
prevent agglomeration of NPs. Freeze drying is generally performed at a temperature less than the glass transition temperature (Tg) with the aim to immobilize the
particles within the glassy matrix of the freeze-drying agents.
Physicochemical Characteristics of NPs
Particle Size
The size of NPs influences the degradation of the polymer as well as the release of
the drug. NPs can cross the BBB since NPs have higher internalization potential as
compared to the MPs. Particles of larger sizes localized in tissue epithelial lining,
while NPs can cross the submucosal layers. Nanotechnology is at the forefront of
the development of novel materials. Regardless of the diversity in the application of
NPs, their performance depends on the particle size, morphology, and surface properties. Therefore, NPs characterization is a critical step in nanotechnology R &
D. Various methods have been employed for measuring, detecting, and characterizing the nanoparticles. The selection of the method is based on the kind of sample,
desired information, time limitations, and the cost of sample analysis. Particle size
furnishes imperative information about NPs, it is one of the essential determinants
of biodistribution as well as clearance parameters of the NPs in target tissues. The
most crucial parameters among all of NPs’ characterization are particle size distribution and morphology. The size and morphology of NPs are determined by electron microscopy. Numerous tools have been employed for NPs size measurement.
Some of them are stated below:
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
This technique is arguably famous for enabling size, morphological and surface
analysis of NPs with direct visualization. Electron microscopy-based techniques
have several advantages in evaluating the size and morphology, at the same time
25 Role of Nanoparticles in the Management of Metabolic Disorders