377
18. Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Papadopoulou E, Cequier E, Thomsen C. Levels, variability and
determinants of environmental phenols in pairs of Norwegian mothers and children. Environ
Int. 2018;114:242–51.
19. Nassan FL, Coull BA, Gaskins AJ, Williams MA, Skakkebaek NE, Ford JB, et al. Personal
care product use in men and urinary concentrations of select phthalate metabolites and parabens: results from the environment and reproductive health (EARTH) study. Environ Health
Perspect. 2017;125(8):087012.
20. Braun JM, Just AC, Williams PL, Smith KW, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Personal care product use
and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy among women
from a fertility clinic. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24(5):459–66.
21. Nan A. Miscellaneous drugs, materials, medical devices and techniques. In: Side effects of
drugs annual, vol. 37. Boston: Elsevier; 2015. p. 603–19.
22. Moos RK, Angerer J, Dierkes G, Brüning T, Koch HM. Metabolism and elimination of
methyl, iso-and n-butyl paraben in human urine after single oral dosage. Arch Toxicol.
2016;90(11):2699–709.
23. Błedzka D, Gromadzin ska J, Wasowicz W. Parabens From environmental studies to human
health. Environ Int. 2014;67:27–42.
24. Handa O, Kokura S, Adachi S, Takagi T, Naito Y, Tanigawa T, et al. Methylparaben potentiates
UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes. Toxicology. 2006;227(1–2):62–72.
25. Jewell C, Prusakiewicz JJ, Ackermann C, Payne NA, Fate G, Voorman R, et al. Hydrolysis of
a series of parabens by skin microsomes and cytosol from human and minipigs and in whole
skin in short-term culture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;225(2):221–8.
26. Abbas S, Greige-Gerges H, Karam N, Piet M-H, Netter P, Magdalou J. Metabolism of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) by hepatic esterases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
in man. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010;25(6):568–77.
27. Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Fujino C, Uramaru N, Sone T, et al. Comparative study of
the hydrolytic metabolism of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heptyl-and dodecylparaben by
microsomes of various rat and human tissues. Xenobiotica. 2013;43(12):1064–72.
28. Kang H-S, Kyung M-S, Ko A, Park J-H, Hwang M-S, Kwon J-E, et al. Urinary concentrations
of parabens and their association with demographic factors: a population-based cross-sectional
study. Environ Res. 2016;146:245–51.
29. Aubert N, Ameller T, Legrand J-J. Systemic exposure to parabens: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl-and
butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration. Food Chem Toxicol.
2012;50(3–4):445–54.
30. Frederiksen H, Jørgensen N, Andersson A-M. Parabens in urine, serum and seminal plasma
from healthy Danish men determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
(LC–MS/MS). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011;21(3):262–71.
31. Mullur R, Liu Y-Y, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev.
2014;94(2):355–82.
32. Pirahanchi Y, Jialal I. Physiology, thyroid. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2018.
33. Cicatiello AG, Di Girolamo D, Dentice M. Metabolic effects of the intracellular regulation of
thyroid hormone: old players, new concepts. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:474.
34. Krashin E, Piekiełko-Witkowska A, Ellis M, Ashur-Fabian O. Thyroid hormones and cancer:
A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:59.
35. Vo TT, Yoo Y-M, Choi K-C, Jeung E-B. Potential estrogenic effect (s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model. Reprod Toxicol. 2010;29(3):306–16.
36. Decker AH. Associations between butylparaben and thyroid levels in females Aged 12 and
over (NHANES, 2007–2008), Thesis, Georgia State University; 2015.
37. Shahid MA, Sharma S. Physiology, thyroid hormone. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing;
2019.
22 Parabens as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Their Association…
18. Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Papadopoulou E, Cequier E, Thomsen C. Levels, variability and
determinants of environmental phenols in pairs of Norwegian mothers and children. Environ
Int. 2018;114:242–51.
19. Nassan FL, Coull BA, Gaskins AJ, Williams MA, Skakkebaek NE, Ford JB, et al. Personal
care product use in men and urinary concentrations of select phthalate metabolites and parabens: results from the environment and reproductive health (EARTH) study. Environ Health
Perspect. 2017;125(8):087012.
20. Braun JM, Just AC, Williams PL, Smith KW, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Personal care product use
and urinary phthalate metabolite and paraben concentrations during pregnancy among women
from a fertility clinic. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24(5):459–66.
21. Nan A. Miscellaneous drugs, materials, medical devices and techniques. In: Side effects of
drugs annual, vol. 37. Boston: Elsevier; 2015. p. 603–19.
22. Moos RK, Angerer J, Dierkes G, Brüning T, Koch HM. Metabolism and elimination of
methyl, iso-and n-butyl paraben in human urine after single oral dosage. Arch Toxicol.
2016;90(11):2699–709.
23. Błedzka D, Gromadzin ska J, Wasowicz W. Parabens From environmental studies to human
health. Environ Int. 2014;67:27–42.
24. Handa O, Kokura S, Adachi S, Takagi T, Naito Y, Tanigawa T, et al. Methylparaben potentiates
UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes. Toxicology. 2006;227(1–2):62–72.
25. Jewell C, Prusakiewicz JJ, Ackermann C, Payne NA, Fate G, Voorman R, et al. Hydrolysis of
a series of parabens by skin microsomes and cytosol from human and minipigs and in whole
skin in short-term culture. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;225(2):221–8.
26. Abbas S, Greige-Gerges H, Karam N, Piet M-H, Netter P, Magdalou J. Metabolism of parabens (4-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) by hepatic esterases and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
in man. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2010;25(6):568–77.
27. Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Fujino C, Uramaru N, Sone T, et al. Comparative study of
the hydrolytic metabolism of methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, heptyl-and dodecylparaben by
microsomes of various rat and human tissues. Xenobiotica. 2013;43(12):1064–72.
28. Kang H-S, Kyung M-S, Ko A, Park J-H, Hwang M-S, Kwon J-E, et al. Urinary concentrations
of parabens and their association with demographic factors: a population-based cross-sectional
study. Environ Res. 2016;146:245–51.
29. Aubert N, Ameller T, Legrand J-J. Systemic exposure to parabens: pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, excretion balance and plasma metabolites of [14C]-methyl-, propyl-and
butylparaben in rats after oral, topical or subcutaneous administration. Food Chem Toxicol.
2012;50(3–4):445–54.
30. Frederiksen H, Jørgensen N, Andersson A-M. Parabens in urine, serum and seminal plasma
from healthy Danish men determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
(LC–MS/MS). J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011;21(3):262–71.
31. Mullur R, Liu Y-Y, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev.
2014;94(2):355–82.
32. Pirahanchi Y, Jialal I. Physiology, thyroid. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2018.
33. Cicatiello AG, Di Girolamo D, Dentice M. Metabolic effects of the intracellular regulation of
thyroid hormone: old players, new concepts. Front Endocrinol. 2018;9:474.
34. Krashin E, Piekiełko-Witkowska A, Ellis M, Ashur-Fabian O. Thyroid hormones and cancer:
A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:59.
35. Vo TT, Yoo Y-M, Choi K-C, Jeung E-B. Potential estrogenic effect (s) of parabens at the prepubertal stage of a postnatal female rat model. Reprod Toxicol. 2010;29(3):306–16.
36. Decker AH. Associations between butylparaben and thyroid levels in females Aged 12 and
over (NHANES, 2007–2008), Thesis, Georgia State University; 2015.
37. Shahid MA, Sharma S. Physiology, thyroid hormone. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing;
2019.
22 Parabens as Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Their Association…