378
38. Aker AM, Watkins DJ, Johns LE, Ferguson KK, Soldin OP, Del Toro LVA, et al. Phenols and
parabens in relation to reproductive and thyroid hormones in pregnant women. Environ Res.
2016;151:30–7.
39. Zoeller TR, Dowling AL, Herzig CT, Iannacone EA, Gauger KJ, Bansal R. Thyroid hormone,
brain development, and the environment. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(suppl 3):355–61.
40. Hartoft-Nielsen M-L, Boas M, Bliddal S, Rasmussen ÅK, Main K, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Do
thyroid disrupting chemicals influence foetal development during pregnancy? J Thyroid Res.
2011;2011:342189.
41. Krassas G, Poppe K, Glinoer D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev.
2010;31(5):702–55.
42. Iwen KA, Schröder E, Brabant G. Thyroid hormones and the metabolic syndrome. Europe
Thyroid J. 2013;2(2):83–92.
43. Park HJ, Ahn ST, Moon DG. Evolution of guidelines for testosterone replacement therapy. J
Clin Med. 2019;8(3):E410.
44. Oishi S. Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system. Food Chem Toxicol.
2002;40(12):1807–13.
45. Meeker JD, Yang T, Ye X, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary concentrations of parabens and
serum hormone levels, semen quality parameters, and sperm DNA damage. Environ Health
Perspect. 2011;119(2):252–7.
46. Rao PM, Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome
and T2DM in men. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(8):479.
47. Zitzmann M. Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev
Endocrinol. 2009;5(12):673.
48. Ahn SW, Gang G-T, Kim YD, Ahn R-S, Harris RA, Lee C-H, et al. Insulin directly regulates
steroidogenesis via induction of the orphan nuclear receptor DAX-1 in testicular Leydig cells.
J Biol Chem. 2013;288(22):15937–46.
49. Grossmann M, Thomas MC, Panagiotopoulos S, Sharpe K, MacIsaac RJ, Clarke S, et al. Low
testosterone levels are common and associated with insulin resistance in men with diabetes. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1834–40.
50. Fernández-Miró M, Chillarón JJ, Pedro-Botet J. Testosterone deficiency, metabolic syndrome
and diabetes mellitus. Med Clin. 2016;146(2):69–73.
51. Kaplan SA, Crawford ED. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and
mitochondrial function in men: Response to Pitteloud et al. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):749.
52. Pitteloud N, Mootha VK, Dwyer AA, Hardin M, Lee H, Eriksson K-F, et al. Relationship
between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes
Care. 2005;28(7):1636–42.
53. Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Suganthy N, Chaiyasut C. A review on role of microbiome in obesity and antiobesity properties of probiotic supplements. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:3291367.
54. Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol.
2019;15(5):288.
55. Hu P, Chen X, Whitener RJ, Boder ET, Jones JO, Porollo A, et al. Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol Sci. 2013;131(1):56–70.
56. Hu P. Exploring novel environmental link to obesity: role of parabens in adipogenesis in vitro
and in vivo. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; 2015.
57. Chen J, Ahn KC, Gee NA, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Lasley BL. Antiandrogenic properties of
parabens and other phenolic containing small molecules in personal care products. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol. 2007;221(3):278–84.
58. Taxvig C, Dreisig K, Boberg J, Nellemann C, Schelde AB, Pedersen D, et al. Differential
effects of environmental chemicals and food contaminants on adipogenesis, biomarker release
and PPARγ activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;361(1–2):106–15.
59. Wang QA, Scherer PE, Gupta RK. Improved methodologies for the study of adipose biology:
insights gained and opportunities ahead. J Lipid Res. 2014;55(4):605–24.
K. Haider et al.
38. Aker AM, Watkins DJ, Johns LE, Ferguson KK, Soldin OP, Del Toro LVA, et al. Phenols and
parabens in relation to reproductive and thyroid hormones in pregnant women. Environ Res.
2016;151:30–7.
39. Zoeller TR, Dowling AL, Herzig CT, Iannacone EA, Gauger KJ, Bansal R. Thyroid hormone,
brain development, and the environment. Environ Health Perspect. 2002;110(suppl 3):355–61.
40. Hartoft-Nielsen M-L, Boas M, Bliddal S, Rasmussen ÅK, Main K, Feldt-Rasmussen U. Do
thyroid disrupting chemicals influence foetal development during pregnancy? J Thyroid Res.
2011;2011:342189.
41. Krassas G, Poppe K, Glinoer D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev.
2010;31(5):702–55.
42. Iwen KA, Schröder E, Brabant G. Thyroid hormones and the metabolic syndrome. Europe
Thyroid J. 2013;2(2):83–92.
43. Park HJ, Ahn ST, Moon DG. Evolution of guidelines for testosterone replacement therapy. J
Clin Med. 2019;8(3):E410.
44. Oishi S. Effects of propyl paraben on the male reproductive system. Food Chem Toxicol.
2002;40(12):1807–13.
45. Meeker JD, Yang T, Ye X, Calafat AM, Hauser R. Urinary concentrations of parabens and
serum hormone levels, semen quality parameters, and sperm DNA damage. Environ Health
Perspect. 2011;119(2):252–7.
46. Rao PM, Kelly DM, Jones TH. Testosterone and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome
and T2DM in men. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(8):479.
47. Zitzmann M. Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev
Endocrinol. 2009;5(12):673.
48. Ahn SW, Gang G-T, Kim YD, Ahn R-S, Harris RA, Lee C-H, et al. Insulin directly regulates
steroidogenesis via induction of the orphan nuclear receptor DAX-1 in testicular Leydig cells.
J Biol Chem. 2013;288(22):15937–46.
49. Grossmann M, Thomas MC, Panagiotopoulos S, Sharpe K, MacIsaac RJ, Clarke S, et al. Low
testosterone levels are common and associated with insulin resistance in men with diabetes. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1834–40.
50. Fernández-Miró M, Chillarón JJ, Pedro-Botet J. Testosterone deficiency, metabolic syndrome
and diabetes mellitus. Med Clin. 2016;146(2):69–73.
51. Kaplan SA, Crawford ED. Relationship between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and
mitochondrial function in men: Response to Pitteloud et al. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):749.
52. Pitteloud N, Mootha VK, Dwyer AA, Hardin M, Lee H, Eriksson K-F, et al. Relationship
between testosterone levels, insulin sensitivity, and mitochondrial function in men. Diabetes
Care. 2005;28(7):1636–42.
53. Sivamaruthi BS, Kesika P, Suganthy N, Chaiyasut C. A review on role of microbiome in obesity and antiobesity properties of probiotic supplements. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:3291367.
54. Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol.
2019;15(5):288.
55. Hu P, Chen X, Whitener RJ, Boder ET, Jones JO, Porollo A, et al. Effects of parabens on adipocyte differentiation. Toxicol Sci. 2013;131(1):56–70.
56. Hu P. Exploring novel environmental link to obesity: role of parabens in adipogenesis in vitro
and in vivo. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; 2015.
57. Chen J, Ahn KC, Gee NA, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Lasley BL. Antiandrogenic properties of
parabens and other phenolic containing small molecules in personal care products. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol. 2007;221(3):278–84.
58. Taxvig C, Dreisig K, Boberg J, Nellemann C, Schelde AB, Pedersen D, et al. Differential
effects of environmental chemicals and food contaminants on adipogenesis, biomarker release
and PPARγ activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012;361(1–2):106–15.
59. Wang QA, Scherer PE, Gupta RK. Improved methodologies for the study of adipose biology:
insights gained and opportunities ahead. J Lipid Res. 2014;55(4):605–24.
K. Haider et al.