319
75. Nøst TH, Vestergren R, Berg V, Nieboer E, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Repeated measurements of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from 1979 to 2007 in males from
Northern Norway: assessing time trends, compound correlations and relations to age/birth
cohort. Environ Int. 2014;67:43–53.
76. Ritscher A, Wang Z, Scheringer M, Boucher JM, Ahrens L, Berger U, et al. Zürich statement
on future actions on per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Environ Health Perspect.
2018;126(8):084502.
77. Wang Z, DeWitt JC, Higgins CP, Cousins IT. A never-ending story of per-and polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFASs)? Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(5):2508.
78. Gomis MI, Vestergren R, MacLeod M, Mueller JF, Cousins IT. Historical human exposure to
perfluoroalkyl acids in the United States and Australia reconstructed from biomonitoring data
using population-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Environ Int. 2017;108:92–102.
79. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association
conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109(3):433–8.
80. Alberti K, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing
the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task
force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American
Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and
International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.
81. Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the
United States, 2003-2012. JAMA. 2015;313(19):1973–4.
82. Heindel JJ, Balbus J, Birnbaum L, Brune-Drisse MN, Grandjean P, Gray K, et al.
Developmental origins of health and disease: integrating environmental influences.
Endocrinology. 2015;156(10):3416–21.
83. Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Lee D-H, et al. Hormones
and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses.
Endocr Rev. 2012;33(3):378–455.
84. Thayer KA, Heindel JJ, Bucher JR, Gallo MA. Role of environmental chemicals in diabetes and obesity: a National Toxicology Program workshop review. Environ Health Perspect.
2012;120(6):779–89.
85. Speakman JR, O’Rahilly S. Fat: an evolving issue. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5(5):569.
86. Legler J, Fletcher T, Govarts E, Porta M, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and
associated costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin
Endocrinol Metabol. 2015;100(4):1278–88.
87. Seuring T, Archangelidi O, Suhrcke M. The economic costs of type 2 diabetes: a global systematic review. PharmacoEconomics. 2015;33(8):811–31.
88. Herman KM, Craig CL, Gauvin L, Katzmarzyk PT. Tracking of obesity and physical activity
from childhood to adulthood: the Physical Activity Longitudinal Study. Int J Pediatr Obes.
2009;4(4):281–8.
89. Kim J, Peterson KE, Scanlon KS, Fitzmaurice GM, Must A, Oken E, et al. Trends in overweight from 1980 through 2001 among preschool-aged children enrolled in a health maintenance organization. Obesity. 2006;14(7):1107–12.
90. Association AD. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:S5.
91. Muoio DM, Newgard CB. Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and
β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9(3):193.
92. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for
the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–53.
93. Blumberg B, Cave M, Machtinger R, Mantovani A, Mendez MA, Nadal A, et al. Metabolism
disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders. Reprod Toxicol. 2017;68:3.
94. Nguyen NT, Nguyen X-MT, Lane J, Wang P. Relationship between obesity and diabetes in a
US adult population: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
1999–2006. Obes Surg. 2011;21(3):351–5.
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
75. Nøst TH, Vestergren R, Berg V, Nieboer E, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM. Repeated measurements of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from 1979 to 2007 in males from
Northern Norway: assessing time trends, compound correlations and relations to age/birth
cohort. Environ Int. 2014;67:43–53.
76. Ritscher A, Wang Z, Scheringer M, Boucher JM, Ahrens L, Berger U, et al. Zürich statement
on future actions on per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Environ Health Perspect.
2018;126(8):084502.
77. Wang Z, DeWitt JC, Higgins CP, Cousins IT. A never-ending story of per-and polyfluoroalkyl
substances (PFASs)? Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(5):2508.
78. Gomis MI, Vestergren R, MacLeod M, Mueller JF, Cousins IT. Historical human exposure to
perfluoroalkyl acids in the United States and Australia reconstructed from biomonitoring data
using population-based pharmacokinetic modelling. Environ Int. 2017;108:92–102.
79. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association
conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109(3):433–8.
80. Alberti K, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing
the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task
force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American
Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and
International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5.
81. Aguilar M, Bhuket T, Torres S, Liu B, Wong RJ. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the
United States, 2003-2012. JAMA. 2015;313(19):1973–4.
82. Heindel JJ, Balbus J, Birnbaum L, Brune-Drisse MN, Grandjean P, Gray K, et al.
Developmental origins of health and disease: integrating environmental influences.
Endocrinology. 2015;156(10):3416–21.
83. Vandenberg LN, Colborn T, Hayes TB, Heindel JJ, Jacobs DR Jr, Lee D-H, et al. Hormones
and endocrine-disrupting chemicals: low-dose effects and nonmonotonic dose responses.
Endocr Rev. 2012;33(3):378–455.
84. Thayer KA, Heindel JJ, Bucher JR, Gallo MA. Role of environmental chemicals in diabetes and obesity: a National Toxicology Program workshop review. Environ Health Perspect.
2012;120(6):779–89.
85. Speakman JR, O’Rahilly S. Fat: an evolving issue. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5(5):569.
86. Legler J, Fletcher T, Govarts E, Porta M, Blumberg B, Heindel JJ, et al. Obesity, diabetes, and
associated costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin
Endocrinol Metabol. 2015;100(4):1278–88.
87. Seuring T, Archangelidi O, Suhrcke M. The economic costs of type 2 diabetes: a global systematic review. PharmacoEconomics. 2015;33(8):811–31.
88. Herman KM, Craig CL, Gauvin L, Katzmarzyk PT. Tracking of obesity and physical activity
from childhood to adulthood: the Physical Activity Longitudinal Study. Int J Pediatr Obes.
2009;4(4):281–8.
89. Kim J, Peterson KE, Scanlon KS, Fitzmaurice GM, Must A, Oken E, et al. Trends in overweight from 1980 through 2001 among preschool-aged children enrolled in a health maintenance organization. Obesity. 2006;14(7):1107–12.
90. Association AD. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:S5.
91. Muoio DM, Newgard CB. Molecular and metabolic mechanisms of insulin resistance and
β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9(3):193.
92. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for
the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047–53.
93. Blumberg B, Cave M, Machtinger R, Mantovani A, Mendez MA, Nadal A, et al. Metabolism
disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders. Reprod Toxicol. 2017;68:3.
94. Nguyen NT, Nguyen X-MT, Lane J, Wang P. Relationship between obesity and diabetes in a
US adult population: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
1999–2006. Obes Surg. 2011;21(3):351–5.
18 Role of Perfluoroalkyl Substances as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders