320
95. Lonardo A, Byrne C, Caldwell S, Cortez-Pinto H, Targher G. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(4):1388–9.
96. Anderson EL, Howe LD, Jones HE, Higgins JP, Lawlor DA, Fraser A. The prevalence of
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140908.
97. Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and
important cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J. 2012;33(10):1190–200.
98. Durazzo M, Belci P, Collo A, Prandi V, Pistone E, Martorana M, et al. Gender specific medicine in liver diseases: a point of view. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2014;20(9):2127.
99. Souza MRDA, Diniz MDFFD, Medeiros-Filho JEMD, Araújo MSTD. Metabolic syndrome
and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arq Gastroenterol. 2012;49(1):89–96.
100. Carroll MD, Kit BK, Lacher DA. Trends in elevated triglyceride in adults: United States,
2001–2012. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; 2015.
101. Carroll MD, Kit BK, Lacher DA, Shero ST, Mussolino ME. Trends in lipids and lipoproteins
in US adults, 1988-2010. JAMA. 2012;308(15):1545–54.
102. Kit BK, Kuklina E, Carroll MD, Ostchega Y, Freedman DS, Ogden CL. Prevalence of and
trends in dyslipidemia and blood pressure among US children and adolescents, 1999-2012.
JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(3):272–9.
103. Haas JT, Biddinger SB. Dissecting the role of insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome.
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009;20(3):206.
104. Moran A, Jacobs DR, Steinberger J, Hong C-P, Prineas R, Luepker R, et al. Insulin resistance
during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children. Diabetes. 1999;48(10):2039–44.
105. Nadal A, Alonso-Magdalena P, Soriano S, Ropero AB, Quesada I. The role of oestrogens in
the adaptation of islets to insulin resistance. J Physiol. 2009;587(21):5031–7.
106. Kahn SE, Montgomery B, Howell W, Ligueros-Saylan M, Hsu C-H, Devineni D, et al.
Importance of early phase insulin secretion to intravenous glucose tolerance in subjects with
type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2001;86(12):5824–9.
107. Dunmore SJ, Brown J. The role of adipokines in b-cell failure of type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol.
2013;216(1):37–45.
108. Eisenmann JC. Insight into the causes of the recent secular trend in pediatric obesity: common sense does not always prevail for complex, multi-factorial phenotypes. Prev Med.
2006;42(5):329–35.
109. Principi N, Esposito S. Antibiotic administration and the development of obesity in children.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(3):171–7.
110. Voss JD, Atkinson RL, Dhurandhar NV. Role of adenoviruses in obesity. Rev Med Virol.
2015;25(6):379–87.
111. Heindel JJ, Newbold R, Schug TT. Endocrine disruptors and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol.
2015;11(11):653.
112. Casals-Casas C, Desvergne B. Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.
Annu Rev Physiol. 2011;73:135–62.
113. Baillie-Hamilton PF. Chemical toxins: a hypothesis to explain the global obesity epidemic. J
Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(2):185–92.
114. Neel BA, Sargis RM. The paradox of progress: environmental disruption of metabolism and
the diabetes epidemic. Diabetes. 2011;60(7):1838–48.
115. Braun JM, Chen A, Romano ME, Calafat AM, Webster GM, Yolton K, et al. Prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and child adiposity at 8 years of age: the HOME study. Obesity.
2016;24(1):231–7.
116. Rahman MF, Peldszus S, Anderson WB. Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: a review. Water Res. 2014;50:318–40.
117. Hines EP, White SS, Stanko JP, Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Lau C, Fenton SE. Phenotypic dichotomy following developmental exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in female CD-1
mice: low doses induce elevated serum leptin and insulin, and overweight in mid-life. Mol
Cell Endocrinol. 2009;304(1–2):97–105.
S. G. Niazi et al.
95. Lonardo A, Byrne C, Caldwell S, Cortez-Pinto H, Targher G. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(4):1388–9.
96. Anderson EL, Howe LD, Jones HE, Higgins JP, Lawlor DA, Fraser A. The prevalence of
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140908.
97. Bhatia LS, Curzen NP, Calder PC, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new and
important cardiovascular risk factor? Eur Heart J. 2012;33(10):1190–200.
98. Durazzo M, Belci P, Collo A, Prandi V, Pistone E, Martorana M, et al. Gender specific medicine in liver diseases: a point of view. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2014;20(9):2127.
99. Souza MRDA, Diniz MDFFD, Medeiros-Filho JEMD, Araújo MSTD. Metabolic syndrome
and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Arq Gastroenterol. 2012;49(1):89–96.
100. Carroll MD, Kit BK, Lacher DA. Trends in elevated triglyceride in adults: United States,
2001–2012. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics; 2015.
101. Carroll MD, Kit BK, Lacher DA, Shero ST, Mussolino ME. Trends in lipids and lipoproteins
in US adults, 1988-2010. JAMA. 2012;308(15):1545–54.
102. Kit BK, Kuklina E, Carroll MD, Ostchega Y, Freedman DS, Ogden CL. Prevalence of and
trends in dyslipidemia and blood pressure among US children and adolescents, 1999-2012.
JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(3):272–9.
103. Haas JT, Biddinger SB. Dissecting the role of insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome.
Curr Opin Lipidol. 2009;20(3):206.
104. Moran A, Jacobs DR, Steinberger J, Hong C-P, Prineas R, Luepker R, et al. Insulin resistance
during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children. Diabetes. 1999;48(10):2039–44.
105. Nadal A, Alonso-Magdalena P, Soriano S, Ropero AB, Quesada I. The role of oestrogens in
the adaptation of islets to insulin resistance. J Physiol. 2009;587(21):5031–7.
106. Kahn SE, Montgomery B, Howell W, Ligueros-Saylan M, Hsu C-H, Devineni D, et al.
Importance of early phase insulin secretion to intravenous glucose tolerance in subjects with
type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2001;86(12):5824–9.
107. Dunmore SJ, Brown J. The role of adipokines in b-cell failure of type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol.
2013;216(1):37–45.
108. Eisenmann JC. Insight into the causes of the recent secular trend in pediatric obesity: common sense does not always prevail for complex, multi-factorial phenotypes. Prev Med.
2006;42(5):329–35.
109. Principi N, Esposito S. Antibiotic administration and the development of obesity in children.
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(3):171–7.
110. Voss JD, Atkinson RL, Dhurandhar NV. Role of adenoviruses in obesity. Rev Med Virol.
2015;25(6):379–87.
111. Heindel JJ, Newbold R, Schug TT. Endocrine disruptors and obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol.
2015;11(11):653.
112. Casals-Casas C, Desvergne B. Endocrine disruptors: from endocrine to metabolic disruption.
Annu Rev Physiol. 2011;73:135–62.
113. Baillie-Hamilton PF. Chemical toxins: a hypothesis to explain the global obesity epidemic. J
Altern Complement Med. 2002;8(2):185–92.
114. Neel BA, Sargis RM. The paradox of progress: environmental disruption of metabolism and
the diabetes epidemic. Diabetes. 2011;60(7):1838–48.
115. Braun JM, Chen A, Romano ME, Calafat AM, Webster GM, Yolton K, et al. Prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and child adiposity at 8 years of age: the HOME study. Obesity.
2016;24(1):231–7.
116. Rahman MF, Peldszus S, Anderson WB. Behaviour and fate of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water treatment: a review. Water Res. 2014;50:318–40.
117. Hines EP, White SS, Stanko JP, Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Lau C, Fenton SE. Phenotypic dichotomy following developmental exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in female CD-1
mice: low doses induce elevated serum leptin and insulin, and overweight in mid-life. Mol
Cell Endocrinol. 2009;304(1–2):97–105.
S. G. Niazi et al.