318
56. Trudel D, Horowitz L, Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, Hungerbühler K. Estimating
consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Risk Anal Int J. 2008;28(2):251–69.
57. Haug LS, Salihovic S, Jogsten IE, Thomsen C, van Bavel B, Lindström G, et al. Levels in
food and beverages and daily intake of perfluorinated compounds in Norway. Chemosphere.
2010;80(10):1137–43.
58. Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Völkel W, Wilhelm M, Twardella D. Perfluorinated compounds–
exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int J Hyg Environ
Health. 2009;212(3):239–70.
59. Gützkow KB, Haug LS, Thomsen C, Sabaredzovic A, Becher G, Brunborg G. Placental
transfer of perfluorinated compounds is selective–a Norwegian Mother and Child sub-cohort
study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012;215(2):216–9.
60. Holsapple MP, Paustenbach DJ, Charnley G, West LJ, Luster MI, Dietert RR, et al. Symposium
summary: children’s health risk—what’s so special about the developing immune system?
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;199(1):61–70.
61. West L. Defining critical windows in the development of the human immune system. Hum
Exp Toxicol. 2002;21(9–10):499–505.
62. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(1):61–73.
63. DeWitt JC, Copeland CB, Strynar MJ, Luebke RW. Perfluorooctanoic acid–induced immunomodulation in adult C57BL/6J or C57BL/6N female mice. Environ Health Perspect.
2008;116(5):644–50.
64. Peden-Adams MM, Keller JM, EuDaly JG, Berger J, Gilkeson GS, Keil DE. Suppression
of humoral immunity in mice following exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate. Toxicol Sci.
2008;104(1):144–54.
65. Corsini E, Luebke RW, Germolec DR, DeWitt JC. Perfluorinated compounds: emerging
POPs with potential immunotoxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2014;230(2):263–70.
66. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Olsen J. Prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS and risk of
hospitalization for infectious diseases in early childhood. Environ Res. 2010;110(8):773–7.
67. Granum B, Haug LS, Namork E, Stølevik SB, Thomsen C, Aaberge IS, et al. Pre-natal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may be associated with altered vaccine antibody levels and
immune-related health outcomes in early childhood. J Immunotoxicol. 2013;10(4):373–9.
68. Hochstenbach K, Van Leeuwen D, Gmuender H, Gottschalk R, Stølevik S, Nygaard U, et al.
Toxicogenomic profiles in relation to maternal immunotoxic exposure and immune functionality in newborns. Toxicol Sci. 2012;129(2):315–24.
69. Tomy GT, Budakowski W, Halldorson T, Helm PA, Stern GA, Friesen K, et al. Fluorinated
organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web. Environ Sci Technol.
2004;38(24):6475–81.
70. Lewis R, Johns L, Meeker J. Serum biomarkers of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in
relation to serum testosterone and measures of thyroid function among adults and adolescents
from NHANES 2011–2012. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(6):6098–114.
71. Control CfD, Prevention. Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Updated tables, September 2015. Atlanta: CDC; 2012.
72. Calafat AM, Wong L-Y, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals
in the US population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2003–2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000. Environ Health
Perspect. 2007;115(11):1596–602.
73. Land M, de Wit CA, Bignert A, Cousins IT, Herzke D, Johansson JH, et al. What is the effect
of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review. Environ Evid.
2018;7(1):4.
74. Okada E, Kashino I, Matsuura H, Sasaki S, Miyashita C, Yamamoto J, et al. Temporal
trends of perfluoroalkyl acids in plasma samples of pregnant women in Hokkaido, Japan,
2003–2011. Environ Int. 2013;60:89–96.
S. G. Niazi et al.
56. Trudel D, Horowitz L, Wormuth M, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, Hungerbühler K. Estimating
consumer exposure to PFOS and PFOA. Risk Anal Int J. 2008;28(2):251–69.
57. Haug LS, Salihovic S, Jogsten IE, Thomsen C, van Bavel B, Lindström G, et al. Levels in
food and beverages and daily intake of perfluorinated compounds in Norway. Chemosphere.
2010;80(10):1137–43.
58. Fromme H, Tittlemier SA, Völkel W, Wilhelm M, Twardella D. Perfluorinated compounds–
exposure assessment for the general population in Western countries. Int J Hyg Environ
Health. 2009;212(3):239–70.
59. Gützkow KB, Haug LS, Thomsen C, Sabaredzovic A, Becher G, Brunborg G. Placental
transfer of perfluorinated compounds is selective–a Norwegian Mother and Child sub-cohort
study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012;215(2):216–9.
60. Holsapple MP, Paustenbach DJ, Charnley G, West LJ, Luster MI, Dietert RR, et al. Symposium
summary: children’s health risk—what’s so special about the developing immune system?
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2004;199(1):61–70.
61. West L. Defining critical windows in the development of the human immune system. Hum
Exp Toxicol. 2002;21(9–10):499–505.
62. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(1):61–73.
63. DeWitt JC, Copeland CB, Strynar MJ, Luebke RW. Perfluorooctanoic acid–induced immunomodulation in adult C57BL/6J or C57BL/6N female mice. Environ Health Perspect.
2008;116(5):644–50.
64. Peden-Adams MM, Keller JM, EuDaly JG, Berger J, Gilkeson GS, Keil DE. Suppression
of humoral immunity in mice following exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate. Toxicol Sci.
2008;104(1):144–54.
65. Corsini E, Luebke RW, Germolec DR, DeWitt JC. Perfluorinated compounds: emerging
POPs with potential immunotoxicity. Toxicol Lett. 2014;230(2):263–70.
66. Fei C, McLaughlin JK, Lipworth L, Olsen J. Prenatal exposure to PFOA and PFOS and risk of
hospitalization for infectious diseases in early childhood. Environ Res. 2010;110(8):773–7.
67. Granum B, Haug LS, Namork E, Stølevik SB, Thomsen C, Aaberge IS, et al. Pre-natal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may be associated with altered vaccine antibody levels and
immune-related health outcomes in early childhood. J Immunotoxicol. 2013;10(4):373–9.
68. Hochstenbach K, Van Leeuwen D, Gmuender H, Gottschalk R, Stølevik S, Nygaard U, et al.
Toxicogenomic profiles in relation to maternal immunotoxic exposure and immune functionality in newborns. Toxicol Sci. 2012;129(2):315–24.
69. Tomy GT, Budakowski W, Halldorson T, Helm PA, Stern GA, Friesen K, et al. Fluorinated
organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web. Environ Sci Technol.
2004;38(24):6475–81.
70. Lewis R, Johns L, Meeker J. Serum biomarkers of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in
relation to serum testosterone and measures of thyroid function among adults and adolescents
from NHANES 2011–2012. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(6):6098–114.
71. Control CfD, Prevention. Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals. Updated tables, September 2015. Atlanta: CDC; 2012.
72. Calafat AM, Wong L-Y, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals
in the US population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
(NHANES) 2003–2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000. Environ Health
Perspect. 2007;115(11):1596–602.
73. Land M, de Wit CA, Bignert A, Cousins IT, Herzke D, Johansson JH, et al. What is the effect
of phasing out long-chain per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances on the concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in the environment? A systematic review. Environ Evid.
2018;7(1):4.
74. Okada E, Kashino I, Matsuura H, Sasaki S, Miyashita C, Yamamoto J, et al. Temporal
trends of perfluoroalkyl acids in plasma samples of pregnant women in Hokkaido, Japan,
2003–2011. Environ Int. 2013;60:89–96.
S. G. Niazi et al.