272
commodities and vector control processes in Asian developing countries [20].
Agriculture is totally dependent on chemical pesticides for controlling insects to
enhance productivity in developing countries. Total consumption of pesticides in
developing countries is approximately 80% of overall world production according
to the reports of World Health Organization [21]. Therefore, farmers in these countries are at great risk of chronic or acute health effects [22]. While the use of pesticide in Pakistan had been started since 1954 and up till now six different types of
34
Aldrin
1950
1987
I nhalation, dermal contact
Domestic insecticides
[158]
35
Vinclozolin
1981
2006
I nhalation, dermal contact
Irrigation system and horticulture
[159]
36
Trifluralin
1986
2015
Ocular, inhalation, dermal
contact
Agricultural and non-agricultural
applications
[160]
37
Triadimenol
1984
NA
Oral, ocular, inhalation,
ingestion, dermal
Agriculture
[161]
38
Toxaphene
Late 1960s
and 1970s
1990
Ingestion, inhalation, dermal
Agriculture
[162]
39
Tribenuronmethyl
1986
2015
Ocular, inhalation, and dermal
Agricultural and non-agricultural
applications
[163]
40
Tolchlofosmethyl
1983
NA
Occupational and aquatic life
inhalation
Agriculture and plant production
[164]
41
Tetramethrin
1968
NA
Dermal, ocular, ingestion,
inhalation
Domestic application
[165]
42
Tebuconazole
1994
NA
Oral, inhalation, dermal
Agricultural and non-agricultural
[165]
43
Sumithrin
1976
2006
Dermal, ingestion, inhalation
Domestic, commercial, horticulture,
pet products, and mosquito control
programs.
[166]
44
Simazine
1957
NA
Inhalation, ingestion, dermal
Agriculture, horticulture and
industrial
[167]
45
Resmethrin
1967
NA
Dermal, ocular, inhalation,
ingestion
Agricultural, domestic, industrial
[168]
46
Pyripyroxifen
1996
NA
Ocular, dermal ingestion,
inhalation
Agriculture and domestic
application
[169]
47
Prothiophos
1982
NA
Inhalation, dermal, ocular
Agriculture applications
[170]
48
Propoxur
1959
NA
Inhalation, ingestion, dermal
Agriculture, turf, forestry, domestic
[171]
49
Propazine
1997
2004
Oral, ingestion, ocular, dermal
Agriculture applications
[172]
50
Propanil
1961
NA
Ocular, dermal contact
Agriculture applications
[173]
51
Propamocarb
1984
NA
Dermal, inhalation
Agriculture applications
[174]
52
Procymidone
NA
2007
Dermal contact, inhalation
Horticulture uses
[175]
53
Propoxur
1959
NA
Inhalation, ingestion, dermal
Agriculture, turf, forestry, and
domestic applications
[176]
54
Propiconazole
1987
NA
Ocular, dermal contact
Agriculture applications
[172]
Table 17.2 (continued)
S. Kamal et al.
commodities and vector control processes in Asian developing countries [20].
Agriculture is totally dependent on chemical pesticides for controlling insects to
enhance productivity in developing countries. Total consumption of pesticides in
developing countries is approximately 80% of overall world production according
to the reports of World Health Organization [21]. Therefore, farmers in these countries are at great risk of chronic or acute health effects [22]. While the use of pesticide in Pakistan had been started since 1954 and up till now six different types of
34
Aldrin
1950
1987
I nhalation, dermal contact
Domestic insecticides
[158]
35
Vinclozolin
1981
2006
I nhalation, dermal contact
Irrigation system and horticulture
[159]
36
Trifluralin
1986
2015
Ocular, inhalation, dermal
contact
Agricultural and non-agricultural
applications
[160]
37
Triadimenol
1984
NA
Oral, ocular, inhalation,
ingestion, dermal
Agriculture
[161]
38
Toxaphene
Late 1960s
and 1970s
1990
Ingestion, inhalation, dermal
Agriculture
[162]
39
Tribenuronmethyl
1986
2015
Ocular, inhalation, and dermal
Agricultural and non-agricultural
applications
[163]
40
Tolchlofosmethyl
1983
NA
Occupational and aquatic life
inhalation
Agriculture and plant production
[164]
41
Tetramethrin
1968
NA
Dermal, ocular, ingestion,
inhalation
Domestic application
[165]
42
Tebuconazole
1994
NA
Oral, inhalation, dermal
Agricultural and non-agricultural
[165]
43
Sumithrin
1976
2006
Dermal, ingestion, inhalation
Domestic, commercial, horticulture,
pet products, and mosquito control
programs.
[166]
44
Simazine
1957
NA
Inhalation, ingestion, dermal
Agriculture, horticulture and
industrial
[167]
45
Resmethrin
1967
NA
Dermal, ocular, inhalation,
ingestion
Agricultural, domestic, industrial
[168]
46
Pyripyroxifen
1996
NA
Ocular, dermal ingestion,
inhalation
Agriculture and domestic
application
[169]
47
Prothiophos
1982
NA
Inhalation, dermal, ocular
Agriculture applications
[170]
48
Propoxur
1959
NA
Inhalation, ingestion, dermal
Agriculture, turf, forestry, domestic
[171]
49
Propazine
1997
2004
Oral, ingestion, ocular, dermal
Agriculture applications
[172]
50
Propanil
1961
NA
Ocular, dermal contact
Agriculture applications
[173]
51
Propamocarb
1984
NA
Dermal, inhalation
Agriculture applications
[174]
52
Procymidone
NA
2007
Dermal contact, inhalation
Horticulture uses
[175]
53
Propoxur
1959
NA
Inhalation, ingestion, dermal
Agriculture, turf, forestry, and
domestic applications
[176]
54
Propiconazole
1987
NA
Ocular, dermal contact
Agriculture applications
[172]
Table 17.2 (continued)
S. Kamal et al.