270
Table 17.2 Sources and methods of different pesticides exposure
S. no.
Pesticides
Structure
Issue date Ban date
Exposure to human
Source
Ref.
1
Atrazine
1958
1991
Inhalation, contaminated food,
skin contact
Herbicides, pharmaceuticals
[36]
2
Bendiocarb
1971
1991
Inhalation, contaminated food,
skin contact
Carbamate insecticides used in
agricultures and in pest killing
[37]
3
Benomyl
1968
2004
Skin contact
Benzimidazole carbamic acid,
methyl ester (BCM)
[38]
4
Bioallethrin
1969
NA
Inhalation
Household pest insects
[119]
5
Captan
1951
2009
Contaminated fruits,
vegetables, and ornamentals
Fungicide, cosmetics and
pharmaceuticals
[39]
6
Carbaryl
1953
2001
Skin contact, inhalation or
ingestion
Agricultural insecticides, pest
killing chemicals, household
settings
[40]
7
Carbendazim
1973
2017
Oral ingestion, inhalation and
dermal contact, contaminated
water and food
Veterinary medicine, livestock
[41]
8
Carbofuran
1969
2009
Contaminated meat or milk,
dermal, ingestion
Exposed goats, carbamate pesticides [134]
9
Chlorothalonil
1966
2020
Contact with skin and eyes,
oral
Contaminated food, vegetables, golf
courses and lawns
[135]
10
Chlordane
1948
1988
Inhalation, contaminated land
Contaminated land, house pesticides,
used on corn and citrus crops
[136]
11
Chlordecone
1958
2009
Inhalation, eye contact
Fungicide and acaricide
[137]
12
Chlorfenvinphos
1963
1991
Inhalation, contact with skin,
contaminated agricultural
products
Pesticide application, dairy farming,
cattle or sheep holding, or poultry
production
[138]
13
Chlorpyrifos
methyl
1965
2018
Inhalation, skin contact
Insecticide, acaricide, miticide
[139]
14
Cypermethrin
1977
2009
Skin contact or ingestion
veterinary medicine, agriculture to
control ectoparasites
[140]
15
Cyproconazole
1994
2021
Inhalation, dermal contact
Fungicides, use for preservation of
crops trees, fruits and wood
[141]
16
DDT and
metabolites
1945
1970
Inhalation and dermal contact
Insecticides, domestic pests’ killers’
chemicals
[142]
(continued)
S. Kamal et al.