269
neutral if pKa < 10, volatility, mobility, and solubility should be influenced by pH if
both pH and pKa values are close enough [15].
Use of Pesticides in Crops
One-third food crops of the world have been ruined during maturation, cultivation,
and storage by pest attack. This loss become very severe in developing nations [16].
However, tillage has to face rising global demand for feed, fiber, food, and other
bio-based commodities like biofuels, etc. These global demands would be fulfilled
at the expanse of natural habitats of wildlife, natural enemies of crop pests, forests
due to resources of extra-agricultural land are very limited. Disposed these shortcomings, raising productivity, unceasing presentation on the available land, and
averting the superfluous loss along the entire length of food chain is by far more
competently option. The most advantageous use of combination technology is the
need of time to improve agriculture productivity and to improve the human’s living
standard by decreasing prices of food stuffs. The major challenge facing agriculture
production is the loss of yield due to attacks of pathogens, weeds, and pests [17].
Analysis of cost-benefits regarding the pesticides practice is an important tool to
appraise policy decisions. The most difficult challenge for policy makers is to
achieve a balance between risks and benefits of pesticides on the community.
Pesticides due to unavailability of universally competitive alternatives are playing a
major role in counteracting the pest to increase food productivity.
The use of some pesticides like organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), etc., in Asian developing countries has extensively been
increased during the last few decades. According to available data, China
(1950–1980) produced approximately 400Ktons of C 14 H 9 Cl 5 (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; DDT) and 4.9Mtons of hexachlorohexane (HCHs) that constituted
about 20% and 33% of world’s total production [18]. Annual consumption of pesticides in countries like India, China, Vietnam, etc., is about 85,000 metric tons
among which major pesticides (approximately 70%) used are malathion, DDTs, and
HCHs [19]. In recent few years DDTs are extensively used for both agricultural
Table 17.1 Classification of pesticides on the basis of their toxicity
S.
no. Classes
Examples
Ref.
1
Persistent organic
pollutants
Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers,
dichloro-di-phenyl-tri-chloroethane
[130]
2
Non-persistent
organic
pollutants
Bisphenol A, atrazine
[131]
3
Metals
Arsenic, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
[132]
4
Drugs
Pharmaceuticals
[133]
17 Role of Pesticides as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders
neutral if pKa < 10, volatility, mobility, and solubility should be influenced by pH if
both pH and pKa values are close enough [15].
Use of Pesticides in Crops
One-third food crops of the world have been ruined during maturation, cultivation,
and storage by pest attack. This loss become very severe in developing nations [16].
However, tillage has to face rising global demand for feed, fiber, food, and other
bio-based commodities like biofuels, etc. These global demands would be fulfilled
at the expanse of natural habitats of wildlife, natural enemies of crop pests, forests
due to resources of extra-agricultural land are very limited. Disposed these shortcomings, raising productivity, unceasing presentation on the available land, and
averting the superfluous loss along the entire length of food chain is by far more
competently option. The most advantageous use of combination technology is the
need of time to improve agriculture productivity and to improve the human’s living
standard by decreasing prices of food stuffs. The major challenge facing agriculture
production is the loss of yield due to attacks of pathogens, weeds, and pests [17].
Analysis of cost-benefits regarding the pesticides practice is an important tool to
appraise policy decisions. The most difficult challenge for policy makers is to
achieve a balance between risks and benefits of pesticides on the community.
Pesticides due to unavailability of universally competitive alternatives are playing a
major role in counteracting the pest to increase food productivity.
The use of some pesticides like organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), etc., in Asian developing countries has extensively been
increased during the last few decades. According to available data, China
(1950–1980) produced approximately 400Ktons of C 14 H 9 Cl 5 (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; DDT) and 4.9Mtons of hexachlorohexane (HCHs) that constituted
about 20% and 33% of world’s total production [18]. Annual consumption of pesticides in countries like India, China, Vietnam, etc., is about 85,000 metric tons
among which major pesticides (approximately 70%) used are malathion, DDTs, and
HCHs [19]. In recent few years DDTs are extensively used for both agricultural
Table 17.1 Classification of pesticides on the basis of their toxicity
S.
no. Classes
Examples
Ref.
1
Persistent organic
pollutants
Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans, polybrominated diphenyl ethers,
dichloro-di-phenyl-tri-chloroethane
[130]
2
Non-persistent
organic
pollutants
Bisphenol A, atrazine
[131]
3
Metals
Arsenic, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
[132]
4
Drugs
Pharmaceuticals
[133]
17 Role of Pesticides as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders