254
Migration of BPA
The anthropogenicactivity is also responsible for the exposure of BPA in the environment. The major source for the occurrence of BPA is the generation, treatment
and processing, degradation of many polymers such as epoxy resins and polycarbonates which release monomers of BPA into the atmosphere and many food products. BPA can be released from polycarbonate by the process of diffusion or
hydrolysis. If there is a low pH of the solution of polycarbonate, then the rate of
release of BPA is increased but cation has no effect on the polycarbonate hydrolysis
[18]. The rate of release of BPA from the polycarbonate bottles is increased by
increasing the temperature which enhances the process of hydrolysis [19]. The food
is also exposed to BPA when packed in containers usually tin having lacquers coating. These lacquers are composed of epoxy resins which contain BPA diglycidyl
ether as an essential component [20]. The purpose of coating is to prevent the corrosion of the metal and protection of the food from the contamination of metal
which may occur during the process of sterilization and storage. The epoxy resins
present in the container are also responsible for the release of BPA and its release
depends upon temperature during the pasteurization of the tin canned food. The
released concentration of the BPA from lacquers also determines the extent of the
polymerization of epoxy resins [21].
BPA Effect on Obesity
Previous investigations show that some chemicals have an effect on the endocrine
system and disturb the endocrine balance which is the major factor for the development of obesity. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can disturb the functions of fat
Table 16.1 Sources of BPA
and its concentration in
environment
Contamination sources of BPA Concentration of BPA
Aquatic environment
8–21 ng/mL
Air
2–208 ng/m
3
Dust
0.8–10 μg/g
Thermal paper
54–79 μg/cm
2
Meats
17–602 ng/g
Fish
5–109 ng/g
Vegetable and fruits
9–76 ng/g
Beverages
1–18 ng/g
Dairy products
21–43 ng/g
Infants formula
0.1–13 ng/g
Cans
2–82 ppb
Plastics
0.2–26 ppb
Dental material
0.013–30 mg
Adapted from Ref. [16]
Abbreviations: ppb parts per billion, ng nanogram, μg
microgram, mg milligram
K. Irshad et al.
Migration of BPA
The anthropogenicactivity is also responsible for the exposure of BPA in the environment. The major source for the occurrence of BPA is the generation, treatment
and processing, degradation of many polymers such as epoxy resins and polycarbonates which release monomers of BPA into the atmosphere and many food products. BPA can be released from polycarbonate by the process of diffusion or
hydrolysis. If there is a low pH of the solution of polycarbonate, then the rate of
release of BPA is increased but cation has no effect on the polycarbonate hydrolysis
[18]. The rate of release of BPA from the polycarbonate bottles is increased by
increasing the temperature which enhances the process of hydrolysis [19]. The food
is also exposed to BPA when packed in containers usually tin having lacquers coating. These lacquers are composed of epoxy resins which contain BPA diglycidyl
ether as an essential component [20]. The purpose of coating is to prevent the corrosion of the metal and protection of the food from the contamination of metal
which may occur during the process of sterilization and storage. The epoxy resins
present in the container are also responsible for the release of BPA and its release
depends upon temperature during the pasteurization of the tin canned food. The
released concentration of the BPA from lacquers also determines the extent of the
polymerization of epoxy resins [21].
BPA Effect on Obesity
Previous investigations show that some chemicals have an effect on the endocrine
system and disturb the endocrine balance which is the major factor for the development of obesity. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can disturb the functions of fat
Table 16.1 Sources of BPA
and its concentration in
environment
Contamination sources of BPA Concentration of BPA
Aquatic environment
8–21 ng/mL
Air
2–208 ng/m
3
Dust
0.8–10 μg/g
Thermal paper
54–79 μg/cm
2
Meats
17–602 ng/g
Fish
5–109 ng/g
Vegetable and fruits
9–76 ng/g
Beverages
1–18 ng/g
Dairy products
21–43 ng/g
Infants formula
0.1–13 ng/g
Cans
2–82 ppb
Plastics
0.2–26 ppb
Dental material
0.013–30 mg
Adapted from Ref. [16]
Abbreviations: ppb parts per billion, ng nanogram, μg
microgram, mg milligram
K. Irshad et al.