255
tissues that contain alpha and beta receptors. BPA can interfere in the activity of
aromatase, regulators of lipogenesis, lipoprotein lipase, and level of hormones in
fat tissues that are very crucial for balancing the weight of the body [22]. There is
a link between exposure to BPA and an increase in body weight [23]. Previous
studies show that when low doses of BPA are exposed to mice in the perinatal
period then the volume of adipocytes is increased as a result the body weight
increased. The concentration of BPA in urine is mainly associated with obesity in
the children and adolescent but this association is also correlated with food consumption that contains a high level of BPA in adipose tissues [24]. New research
concluded that BPA is considered as obesogens in the environment which is
responsible for epidemic obesity in the entire world [25]. BPA causes disruption in
the functioning of the endocrine system and also responsible for modulation in
expression of genes by hypomethylation of the gene promoter which leads to cancer, heart diseases, and obesity [26]. BPA contributes to the metabolic diseases by
the disruption in the glucose homeostasis. Due to the increased level of BPA, the
risk of diabetes is high irrespective of the age, sex, body mass index, and level of
serum cholesterol [27].
BPA Effect on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular disease is nowadays becoming a major health problem and a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity rate. BPA is considered a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases including angina, hypertension, coronary artery
disease, heart attack, and peripheral artery disease. BPA may cause cardiovascular
disease due to genetic, physiological, and pathophysiological variations [28]. The
investigations have shown that a low dose of BPA has an effect on cardiac rhythm
in the adult rat’s heart [29]. BPA is also responsible for disturbing the normal function of the cardiovascular system. National health and nutritional examination survey conducted research which explains that there is an association between the
concentration of BPA in the urine and the coronary heart disease [30]. There is also
an association between the concentration of BPA in the urine and peripheral arterial
disease. There is also an association between the urinary concentration of BPA and
hypertension [31]. Various studies have also exposed the mechanism of BPA on the
heart. BPA has a pro-arrhythmic effect in the heart cells of the female rat by the
alteration in the handling of calcium in the myocytes [32]. The physiology of cardiac cells, electrical excitation, and relaxation mechanism depend upon the handling of the calcium ions. If any abnormality occurs in the handling of calcium ions,
then cardiac arrhythmogenesis occurs [33]. Due to exposure of BPA to female
myocytes rat, an increase in the reuptake and release of calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum occur.
BPA affect on cardiac myocytes by two signaling pathways such as protein
kinase A and calcium-dependent protein kinase II. As a result, the production of
cAMP increases due to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of the
16 Bisphenol A as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders
tissues that contain alpha and beta receptors. BPA can interfere in the activity of
aromatase, regulators of lipogenesis, lipoprotein lipase, and level of hormones in
fat tissues that are very crucial for balancing the weight of the body [22]. There is
a link between exposure to BPA and an increase in body weight [23]. Previous
studies show that when low doses of BPA are exposed to mice in the perinatal
period then the volume of adipocytes is increased as a result the body weight
increased. The concentration of BPA in urine is mainly associated with obesity in
the children and adolescent but this association is also correlated with food consumption that contains a high level of BPA in adipose tissues [24]. New research
concluded that BPA is considered as obesogens in the environment which is
responsible for epidemic obesity in the entire world [25]. BPA causes disruption in
the functioning of the endocrine system and also responsible for modulation in
expression of genes by hypomethylation of the gene promoter which leads to cancer, heart diseases, and obesity [26]. BPA contributes to the metabolic diseases by
the disruption in the glucose homeostasis. Due to the increased level of BPA, the
risk of diabetes is high irrespective of the age, sex, body mass index, and level of
serum cholesterol [27].
BPA Effect on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular disease is nowadays becoming a major health problem and a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity rate. BPA is considered a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases including angina, hypertension, coronary artery
disease, heart attack, and peripheral artery disease. BPA may cause cardiovascular
disease due to genetic, physiological, and pathophysiological variations [28]. The
investigations have shown that a low dose of BPA has an effect on cardiac rhythm
in the adult rat’s heart [29]. BPA is also responsible for disturbing the normal function of the cardiovascular system. National health and nutritional examination survey conducted research which explains that there is an association between the
concentration of BPA in the urine and the coronary heart disease [30]. There is also
an association between the concentration of BPA in the urine and peripheral arterial
disease. There is also an association between the urinary concentration of BPA and
hypertension [31]. Various studies have also exposed the mechanism of BPA on the
heart. BPA has a pro-arrhythmic effect in the heart cells of the female rat by the
alteration in the handling of calcium in the myocytes [32]. The physiology of cardiac cells, electrical excitation, and relaxation mechanism depend upon the handling of the calcium ions. If any abnormality occurs in the handling of calcium ions,
then cardiac arrhythmogenesis occurs [33]. Due to exposure of BPA to female
myocytes rat, an increase in the reuptake and release of calcium ions in the sarcoplasmic reticulum occur.
BPA affect on cardiac myocytes by two signaling pathways such as protein
kinase A and calcium-dependent protein kinase II. As a result, the production of
cAMP increases due to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of the
16 Bisphenol A as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders