253
Environmental Exposure
BPA is considered to be emitted into the atmosphere as a result of many industrial
activities. It has been estimated that approximately 100 tons per year, BPA is
released into the atmosphere. The concentration of BPA varies in the atmosphere
[13]. A higher concentration of BPA has been found in the groundwater which is
situated close to waste dumps that are contaminated with this kind of substances or
there may be deposition of plastic deposits [14]. Mostly BPA is exposed to the
human being through the food. BPA is present in the edibles and it can be exposed
to the animal [15].
There are multiple routes for BPA exposure to human beings like transdermal,
oral, and inhalation. The major sources of BPA exposure are packed food, thermal
paper, baby toys, feeders, dust, healthcare equipment, dental materials, etc.
(Fig. 16.1). There are different sources of BPA in the environment such as water, air,
river, sea, and dust. These different sources are responsible for the exposure of BPA
in the different concentrations to animals and human being as shown in Table 16.1.
Sources of BPA and its concentration in the environment [16]. The widest source of
exposure of BPA is food and beverages but exposure may occur through the skin
after handling of thermal paper for a long interval of time. Mostly cashiers, a person
who handles receipts for 40 h per week, are exposed to BPA via the skin [17].
Fig. 16.1 Schematic representation of sources of BPA exposure to human beings
16 Bisphenol A as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders
Environmental Exposure
BPA is considered to be emitted into the atmosphere as a result of many industrial
activities. It has been estimated that approximately 100 tons per year, BPA is
released into the atmosphere. The concentration of BPA varies in the atmosphere
[13]. A higher concentration of BPA has been found in the groundwater which is
situated close to waste dumps that are contaminated with this kind of substances or
there may be deposition of plastic deposits [14]. Mostly BPA is exposed to the
human being through the food. BPA is present in the edibles and it can be exposed
to the animal [15].
There are multiple routes for BPA exposure to human beings like transdermal,
oral, and inhalation. The major sources of BPA exposure are packed food, thermal
paper, baby toys, feeders, dust, healthcare equipment, dental materials, etc.
(Fig. 16.1). There are different sources of BPA in the environment such as water, air,
river, sea, and dust. These different sources are responsible for the exposure of BPA
in the different concentrations to animals and human being as shown in Table 16.1.
Sources of BPA and its concentration in the environment [16]. The widest source of
exposure of BPA is food and beverages but exposure may occur through the skin
after handling of thermal paper for a long interval of time. Mostly cashiers, a person
who handles receipts for 40 h per week, are exposed to BPA via the skin [17].
Fig. 16.1 Schematic representation of sources of BPA exposure to human beings
16 Bisphenol A as an EDC in Metabolic Disorders