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Introduction
The occurrence of metabolic syndrome has been increased globally over the past
years. The major cause of metabolic syndrome is the intake of high caloric diets, less
exercise, and certain possible genetic predisposition. Some chemicals that are present in the environment and food play an important role in the expansion of these
diseases by disrupting the normal physiology of endocrine systems [1]. Such chemicals are known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA) is a
man-made organic compound that is mainly present in many daily use products such
as it is a constituent in the epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. There are chances
for contamination of food products when this chemical comes into contact with food
[2]. BPA is present in excess quantities that are primarily used for the production of
epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Polycarbonate plastics have been widely
used in the food and drink containers such as water and infant bottles, safety equipment, compact disc, and many medical devices. Epoxy resins can be utilized as
lacquers for the coating of many metal products. Exposure to BPA may also occur
because it is present in many dental sealants and composites [3]. The population
may be exposed to BPA through inhalation of dust and dermal contact [4].
BPA has the ability to bind with various receptors in the body such as androgen
receptors, estrogen receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. The
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are linked with hormones that are produced by the endocrine system and other systems of the body [5]. BPA exhibits the
endocrine-disrupting activity and oxidative potential due to which it has a toxic
effect on animals and human being [6]. BPA can disturb the functions of various
kinds of hormones such as insulin, thyroxin, and leptin and be responsible for producing hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, and mutagenic effects [7]. Recent
studies show that BPA exposure to human beings leads to obesity, heart diseases,
and diabetes [8].
From experimental studies, it has been concluded that BPA is less toxic to microorganisms that have the ability to transform BPA into its metabolites that has less
toxic estrogenic effect than BPA [9]. Some organisms that have the ability to transform BPA into metabolites. These are used for removing this substance from the
polluted environment [10]. Many investigations show that there is an interaction of
mechanism between BPA and metabolic syndrome. BPA can cause a metabolic
disturbance in adipocytes tissues and inflammation which leads to obesity [11]. Due
to exposure of BPA to the human liver, it increases the production of glucose and
decreases the synthesis of glycogen associated with a reduction in glucose oxidation
and also disturbs the signals of insulin. When BPA is exposed to human muscle it
causes a decrease in the utilization of glucose and insulin sensitivity [12].
K. Irshad et al.
Introduction
The occurrence of metabolic syndrome has been increased globally over the past
years. The major cause of metabolic syndrome is the intake of high caloric diets, less
exercise, and certain possible genetic predisposition. Some chemicals that are present in the environment and food play an important role in the expansion of these
diseases by disrupting the normal physiology of endocrine systems [1]. Such chemicals are known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA) is a
man-made organic compound that is mainly present in many daily use products such
as it is a constituent in the epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. There are chances
for contamination of food products when this chemical comes into contact with food
[2]. BPA is present in excess quantities that are primarily used for the production of
epoxy resins and polycarbonate plastics. Polycarbonate plastics have been widely
used in the food and drink containers such as water and infant bottles, safety equipment, compact disc, and many medical devices. Epoxy resins can be utilized as
lacquers for the coating of many metal products. Exposure to BPA may also occur
because it is present in many dental sealants and composites [3]. The population
may be exposed to BPA through inhalation of dust and dermal contact [4].
BPA has the ability to bind with various receptors in the body such as androgen
receptors, estrogen receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. The
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are linked with hormones that are produced by the endocrine system and other systems of the body [5]. BPA exhibits the
endocrine-disrupting activity and oxidative potential due to which it has a toxic
effect on animals and human being [6]. BPA can disturb the functions of various
kinds of hormones such as insulin, thyroxin, and leptin and be responsible for producing hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, and mutagenic effects [7]. Recent
studies show that BPA exposure to human beings leads to obesity, heart diseases,
and diabetes [8].
From experimental studies, it has been concluded that BPA is less toxic to microorganisms that have the ability to transform BPA into its metabolites that has less
toxic estrogenic effect than BPA [9]. Some organisms that have the ability to transform BPA into metabolites. These are used for removing this substance from the
polluted environment [10]. Many investigations show that there is an interaction of
mechanism between BPA and metabolic syndrome. BPA can cause a metabolic
disturbance in adipocytes tissues and inflammation which leads to obesity [11]. Due
to exposure of BPA to the human liver, it increases the production of glucose and
decreases the synthesis of glycogen associated with a reduction in glucose oxidation
and also disturbs the signals of insulin. When BPA is exposed to human muscle it
causes a decrease in the utilization of glucose and insulin sensitivity [12].
K. Irshad et al.