218
45. Xu Y, Ma B, Nussinov R. Structural and functional consequences of phosphate-arsenate substitutions in selected nucleotides: DNA, RNA, and ATP. J Phys Chem B.
2012;116(16):4801–11.
46. Tseng CH, Tai TY, Chong CK, Tseng CP, Lai MS, Lin BJ, et al. Long-term arsenic exposure and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a cohort study in arseniasishyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(9):847–51.
47. Alder JK, Parry EM, Yegnasubramanian S, Wagner CL, Lieblich LM, Auerbach R, et al.
Telomere Phenotypes in Females with Heterozygous Mutations in the D yskeratosis Congenita
1 (DKC 1) Gene. Hum Mutat. 2013;34(11):1481–5.
48. Kannan GM, Flora SJ. Chronic arsenic poisoning in the rat: treatment with combined administration of succimers and an antioxidant. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2004;58(1):37–43.
49. Shi H, Shi X, Liu KJ. Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell
Biochem. 2004;255(1-2):67–78.
50. Naranmandura H, Xu S, Sawata T, Hao WH, Liu H, Bu N, et al. Mitochondria are the main target organelle for trivalent monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III))-induced cytotoxicity. Chem
Res Toxicol. 2011;24(7):1094–103.
51. Kligerman AD, Tennant AH. Insights into the carcinogenic mode of action of arsenic. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol. 2007;222(3):281–8.
52. Frost SC, Lane MD. Evidence for the involvement of vicinal sulfhydryl groups in insulinactivated hexose transport by 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1985;260(5):2646–52.
53. Delnomdedieu M, Basti MM, Otvos JD, Thomas DJ. Reduction and binding of arsenate
and dimethylarsinate by glutathione: a magnetic resonance study. Chem-Biol Interact.
1994;90(2):139–55.
54. Diaz-Villasenor A, Burns AL, Hiriart M, Cebrian ME, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Arsenicinduced alteration in the expression of genes related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol. 2007;225(2):123–33.
55. Wauson EM, Langan AS, Vorce RL. Sodium arsenite inhibits and reverses expression of adipogenic and fat cell-specific genes during in vitro adipogenesis. Toxicol Sci: Official J Soc
Toxicol. 2002;65(2):211–9.
56. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism
and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014;7(2):60–72.
57. Alissa EM, Ferns GA. Heavy metal poisoning and cardiovascular disease. J Toxicol.
2011;2011:870125.
58. Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH. Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their
impact on health consequences. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(1):157–84.
59. Knowles SO, Donaldson WE. Dietary modification of lead toxicity: effects on fatty acid
and eicosanoid metabolism in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol C, Comp Pharmacol Toxicol.
1990;95(1):99–104.
60. Patrick L. Lead toxicity part II: the role of free radical damage and the use of antioxidants in
the pathology and treatment of lead toxicity. Altern Med Rev: J Clin Ther. 2006;11(2):114–27.
61. Flora G, Gupta D, Tiwari A. Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates. Interdiscip Toxicol.
2012;5(2):47–58.
62. Ahamed M, Siddiqui MK. Environmental lead toxicity and nutritional factors. Clin Nutr.
2007;26(4):400–8.
63. Quintanilla-Vega B, Hoover D, Bal W, Silbergeld EK, Waalkes MP, Anderson LD. Lead effects
on protamine-DNA binding. Am J Ind Med. 2000;38(3):324–9.
64. White LD, Cory-Slechta DA, Gilbert ME, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Zawia NH, Virgolini M,
et al. New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
2007;225(1):1–27.
65. Skoczynska A, Poreba R, Sieradzki A, Andrzejak R, Sieradzka U. The impact of lead and
cadmium on the immune system. Medycyna Pracy. 2002;53(3):259–64.
66. Dietert RR, Piepenbrink MS. Lead and immune function. Crit Rev Toxico. 2006;36(4):359–85.
K. Irshad et al.
45. Xu Y, Ma B, Nussinov R. Structural and functional consequences of phosphate-arsenate substitutions in selected nucleotides: DNA, RNA, and ATP. J Phys Chem B.
2012;116(16):4801–11.
46. Tseng CH, Tai TY, Chong CK, Tseng CP, Lai MS, Lin BJ, et al. Long-term arsenic exposure and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a cohort study in arseniasishyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(9):847–51.
47. Alder JK, Parry EM, Yegnasubramanian S, Wagner CL, Lieblich LM, Auerbach R, et al.
Telomere Phenotypes in Females with Heterozygous Mutations in the D yskeratosis Congenita
1 (DKC 1) Gene. Hum Mutat. 2013;34(11):1481–5.
48. Kannan GM, Flora SJ. Chronic arsenic poisoning in the rat: treatment with combined administration of succimers and an antioxidant. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2004;58(1):37–43.
49. Shi H, Shi X, Liu KJ. Oxidative mechanism of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Mol Cell
Biochem. 2004;255(1-2):67–78.
50. Naranmandura H, Xu S, Sawata T, Hao WH, Liu H, Bu N, et al. Mitochondria are the main target organelle for trivalent monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III))-induced cytotoxicity. Chem
Res Toxicol. 2011;24(7):1094–103.
51. Kligerman AD, Tennant AH. Insights into the carcinogenic mode of action of arsenic. Toxicol
Appl Pharmacol. 2007;222(3):281–8.
52. Frost SC, Lane MD. Evidence for the involvement of vicinal sulfhydryl groups in insulinactivated hexose transport by 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1985;260(5):2646–52.
53. Delnomdedieu M, Basti MM, Otvos JD, Thomas DJ. Reduction and binding of arsenate
and dimethylarsinate by glutathione: a magnetic resonance study. Chem-Biol Interact.
1994;90(2):139–55.
54. Diaz-Villasenor A, Burns AL, Hiriart M, Cebrian ME, Ostrosky-Wegman P. Arsenicinduced alteration in the expression of genes related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Toxicol Appl
Pharmacol. 2007;225(2):123–33.
55. Wauson EM, Langan AS, Vorce RL. Sodium arsenite inhibits and reverses expression of adipogenic and fat cell-specific genes during in vitro adipogenesis. Toxicol Sci: Official J Soc
Toxicol. 2002;65(2):211–9.
56. Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN. Toxicity, mechanism
and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2014;7(2):60–72.
57. Alissa EM, Ferns GA. Heavy metal poisoning and cardiovascular disease. J Toxicol.
2011;2011:870125.
58. Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH. Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their
impact on health consequences. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(1):157–84.
59. Knowles SO, Donaldson WE. Dietary modification of lead toxicity: effects on fatty acid
and eicosanoid metabolism in chicks. Comp Biochem Physiol C, Comp Pharmacol Toxicol.
1990;95(1):99–104.
60. Patrick L. Lead toxicity part II: the role of free radical damage and the use of antioxidants in
the pathology and treatment of lead toxicity. Altern Med Rev: J Clin Ther. 2006;11(2):114–27.
61. Flora G, Gupta D, Tiwari A. Toxicity of lead: a review with recent updates. Interdiscip Toxicol.
2012;5(2):47–58.
62. Ahamed M, Siddiqui MK. Environmental lead toxicity and nutritional factors. Clin Nutr.
2007;26(4):400–8.
63. Quintanilla-Vega B, Hoover D, Bal W, Silbergeld EK, Waalkes MP, Anderson LD. Lead effects
on protamine-DNA binding. Am J Ind Med. 2000;38(3):324–9.
64. White LD, Cory-Slechta DA, Gilbert ME, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Zawia NH, Virgolini M,
et al. New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol.
2007;225(1):1–27.
65. Skoczynska A, Poreba R, Sieradzki A, Andrzejak R, Sieradzka U. The impact of lead and
cadmium on the immune system. Medycyna Pracy. 2002;53(3):259–64.
66. Dietert RR, Piepenbrink MS. Lead and immune function. Crit Rev Toxico. 2006;36(4):359–85.
K. Irshad et al.