215
Zinc has a significant role in adipokines. Zinc helps in the oligomerization of
adiponectin which is a high molecular weight molecule by modulation of disulfide
bond formation [79]. There is the existence of a positive relationship between adiponectin and serum leptin level in obese patients [80]. Adipokine, Zinc-α-2glycoprotein is reduced in obesity, high fat diet, and inflammatory stimuli.
Zinc-α-2-glycoprotein is responsible for the regulation of lipid metabolism in adipose tissues. Zinc-α-2-glycoprotein decreases the level of fatty acid synthase, acylcoenzyme A and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1. It causes an increase in the
hormone-sensitive lipase activity as a result of lipolysis occur and decreases in lipogenesis [72].
Conclusion
Heavy metals are substances which have high density and can cause toxicity to a
human being even at very small concentration. The major source for exposure to
heavy metal is an environment and anthropogenic sources. These metals expose to
human beings may be by ingestion and inhalation. Heavy metals have a major contribution in inducing the various metabolic disorders that lead to cardiovascular
diseases as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Some heavy metals such as arsenic,
cadmium, and lead show significant harm to health. Cadmium is a major contributor
to disrupting carbohydrates and lipid metabolism and leads to various disease conditions. Arsenic is responsible for inducing diabetes mellitus type 2 by various
different mechanisms such as alter gene expression, glucose transportation, and glucose metabolism. Lead has significant potential to induce oxidative stress and
inflammatory response which causes various metabolic syndromes. Zinc is a necessary element that plays an important role in the prevention of metabolic syndrome
by reducing reactive oxygen species and altering lipid metabolism.
Acknowledgments This work has been financially supported by the research grant (8365/Punjab/
NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017) received from the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
1. Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, et al. EDC-2: The Endocrine
Society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev.
2015;36(6):E1–E150.
2. Georgescu B, Georgescu C, Dărăban S, Bouaru A, Paşcalău S. Heavy metals acting as endocrine disrupters. Sci Pap Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2011;44(2):89–93.
3. Yadav M, Gupta R, Sharma RK. Chapter 14 - green and sustainable pathways for wastewater
purification. In: Ahuja S, editor. Advanced water purification techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier;
2019. p. 355–83.
13 Role of Heavy Metals in Metabolic Disorders
Zinc has a significant role in adipokines. Zinc helps in the oligomerization of
adiponectin which is a high molecular weight molecule by modulation of disulfide
bond formation [79]. There is the existence of a positive relationship between adiponectin and serum leptin level in obese patients [80]. Adipokine, Zinc-α-2glycoprotein is reduced in obesity, high fat diet, and inflammatory stimuli.
Zinc-α-2-glycoprotein is responsible for the regulation of lipid metabolism in adipose tissues. Zinc-α-2-glycoprotein decreases the level of fatty acid synthase, acylcoenzyme A and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 1. It causes an increase in the
hormone-sensitive lipase activity as a result of lipolysis occur and decreases in lipogenesis [72].
Conclusion
Heavy metals are substances which have high density and can cause toxicity to a
human being even at very small concentration. The major source for exposure to
heavy metal is an environment and anthropogenic sources. These metals expose to
human beings may be by ingestion and inhalation. Heavy metals have a major contribution in inducing the various metabolic disorders that lead to cardiovascular
diseases as endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Some heavy metals such as arsenic,
cadmium, and lead show significant harm to health. Cadmium is a major contributor
to disrupting carbohydrates and lipid metabolism and leads to various disease conditions. Arsenic is responsible for inducing diabetes mellitus type 2 by various
different mechanisms such as alter gene expression, glucose transportation, and glucose metabolism. Lead has significant potential to induce oxidative stress and
inflammatory response which causes various metabolic syndromes. Zinc is a necessary element that plays an important role in the prevention of metabolic syndrome
by reducing reactive oxygen species and altering lipid metabolism.
Acknowledgments This work has been financially supported by the research grant (8365/Punjab/
NRPU/R&D/HEC/2017) received from the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
References
1. Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, et al. EDC-2: The Endocrine
Society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev.
2015;36(6):E1–E150.
2. Georgescu B, Georgescu C, Dărăban S, Bouaru A, Paşcalău S. Heavy metals acting as endocrine disrupters. Sci Pap Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2011;44(2):89–93.
3. Yadav M, Gupta R, Sharma RK. Chapter 14 - green and sustainable pathways for wastewater
purification. In: Ahuja S, editor. Advanced water purification techniques. Amsterdam: Elsevier;
2019. p. 355–83.
13 Role of Heavy Metals in Metabolic Disorders