214
Zinc
Zinc is a very important element and has an essential role in many events that occur
in the cell. Zinc plays an important role in the functioning of enzymes when acting
as a cofactor and also plays an important role in transcription [70]. Zinc is present
as an integral constituent in a large number of enzymes and proteins and contributes
to a wide range of metabolic processes such as carbohydrates metabolism, lipid
metabolism, protein metabolism, and generation and degradation of nucleic acid
[71]. Zinc has a unique role in metabolic syndrome by participating in cell events
such as the expression of cytokines and suppression of inflammation. Zinc is responsible for activating antioxidant enzymes that reduce the level of reactive oxygen
species which in return decreases stress-induced by oxidation. Zinc is also present
in supplement whose function to improve blood pressure, level of glucose and cholesterol in the body. This suggests that zinc plays an important role in the regression
of metabolic syndrome [72].
Effect of Zinc on Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and has a connection with it through dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity [73]. Zinc has
the potential to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical [74]. Zinc also inhibits the
reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite [75]. Zinc also has an antioxidant
effect by direct-acting on antioxidant proteins and the production of structurally
modified metallothionein. Zinc performs the antioxidant activity by direct binding
of zinc ion with thiol groups [76].
Effect of Zinc on Lipid Metabolism
In the living organisms, the lipid is accumulated in adipose tissues which lead
towards obesity. Previous studies show that there is a connection between zinc
serum level and metabolism of lipids. Zinc intake causes a decrease in the level of
total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and also
causes an increase in the level of HDL cholesterol [72]. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipocytes which play an important role in the regulation of energy by
increased energy expenditure and reduce the need for food uptake [77]. Zinc status
is also an essential factor for determining the normal functioning of adipocytes and
for the production of leptin for maintenance of negative feedback which is mediated
by leptin. Zinc intake in obese patients who are resistant to leptin increases the
serum leptin level and helps in the improvement of weight that is associated with
metabolism [78].
K. Irshad et al.
Zinc
Zinc is a very important element and has an essential role in many events that occur
in the cell. Zinc plays an important role in the functioning of enzymes when acting
as a cofactor and also plays an important role in transcription [70]. Zinc is present
as an integral constituent in a large number of enzymes and proteins and contributes
to a wide range of metabolic processes such as carbohydrates metabolism, lipid
metabolism, protein metabolism, and generation and degradation of nucleic acid
[71]. Zinc has a unique role in metabolic syndrome by participating in cell events
such as the expression of cytokines and suppression of inflammation. Zinc is responsible for activating antioxidant enzymes that reduce the level of reactive oxygen
species which in return decreases stress-induced by oxidation. Zinc is also present
in supplement whose function to improve blood pressure, level of glucose and cholesterol in the body. This suggests that zinc plays an important role in the regression
of metabolic syndrome [72].
Effect of Zinc on Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and has a connection with it through dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity [73]. Zinc has
the potential to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, and hydroxyl radical [74]. Zinc also inhibits the
reactive nitrogen species such as peroxynitrite [75]. Zinc also has an antioxidant
effect by direct-acting on antioxidant proteins and the production of structurally
modified metallothionein. Zinc performs the antioxidant activity by direct binding
of zinc ion with thiol groups [76].
Effect of Zinc on Lipid Metabolism
In the living organisms, the lipid is accumulated in adipose tissues which lead
towards obesity. Previous studies show that there is a connection between zinc
serum level and metabolism of lipids. Zinc intake causes a decrease in the level of
total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and also
causes an increase in the level of HDL cholesterol [72]. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipocytes which play an important role in the regulation of energy by
increased energy expenditure and reduce the need for food uptake [77]. Zinc status
is also an essential factor for determining the normal functioning of adipocytes and
for the production of leptin for maintenance of negative feedback which is mediated
by leptin. Zinc intake in obese patients who are resistant to leptin increases the
serum leptin level and helps in the improvement of weight that is associated with
metabolism [78].
K. Irshad et al.