141
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) can also induce the alterations in the gut
microbiota and caused reduction in the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but in
Ahr
−/−
mice, no dysbiosis was found [41]. TCD increased the levels of Butyrivibrio
species and Flavobacteria and also decreased the levels of Clostridia and
Oscillobacter species. These changes in the gut microbiota were accompanied by an
enhanced bile acid metabolites (Table 9.1). Flavobacteria species were reported to
produce an enzyme known as halogenases that can cause degradation of TCDF and
other important halogenated compounds [42].
Phthalates
Phthalates are actually the esters of phthalic acid which are commonly used as
emulsifying agents, dispersants, plasticizers, lubricants, and stabilizers. In personal
care products which include nail polishes, cosmetics, and perfumes these chemicals
are considered as the important components. Dysregulation in the metabolism of
glucose, adipogenesis, and insulin resistance has been reported upon the exposure
of phthalates [20, 43]. Urinary levels of phthalates in the individuals who participate
in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2010) showed that
phthalates exposure was accompanied by a higher prevalence of diabetes, predominantly among woman—the predominant consumers of personal care products [44].
In animal model, upon exposure of diethyl phthalate led to decrease in Firmicutes
(Bacilli) and increase in the levels of Bacteroidetes (Prevotella). These induced perturbations in the bacterial community were associated with consistent loss of weight
in animal model that is also suggesting the role of phthalates in glucose and lipid
homeostasis [45].
Bisphenol A
Bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly used plasticizer, is mainly present in our daily used
plastic products which include water bottles. Bisphenol A can also contribute to the
etiology of diabetes mellitus as it causes alteration in pancreatic β-cell function and
lipid metabolism [20, 46]. It is very interesting to find that in animal studies, a highfat diet or high-sucrose diet and dietary intake of BPA both are responsible for similar
changes in gut microbiota. BPA can also favor the growth of Helicobacteraceae and
Proteobacteria, with a decrease in the levels of Clostridia and Firmicutes (Table 9.1)
[38]. These microbiota perturbations parallel the microbial structure in patients who
are suffering from diabetes [47, 48]. In the development of metabolic disorders as
obesity or type 2 diabetes, the prenatal exposure to BPA is considered a potential
contributor. Among different studies, diabetogenic effect of BPA is considered as
consistent after prenatal or perinatal exposure. The first evidence came about the
diabetogenic effect of BPA from a study published in 2010 [49]. In male offspring of
9 Alteration of Gut Microbiota in EDCs-Induced Metabolic Disorders
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) can also induce the alterations in the gut
microbiota and caused reduction in the ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but in
Ahr
−/−
mice, no dysbiosis was found [41]. TCD increased the levels of Butyrivibrio
species and Flavobacteria and also decreased the levels of Clostridia and
Oscillobacter species. These changes in the gut microbiota were accompanied by an
enhanced bile acid metabolites (Table 9.1). Flavobacteria species were reported to
produce an enzyme known as halogenases that can cause degradation of TCDF and
other important halogenated compounds [42].
Phthalates
Phthalates are actually the esters of phthalic acid which are commonly used as
emulsifying agents, dispersants, plasticizers, lubricants, and stabilizers. In personal
care products which include nail polishes, cosmetics, and perfumes these chemicals
are considered as the important components. Dysregulation in the metabolism of
glucose, adipogenesis, and insulin resistance has been reported upon the exposure
of phthalates [20, 43]. Urinary levels of phthalates in the individuals who participate
in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2010) showed that
phthalates exposure was accompanied by a higher prevalence of diabetes, predominantly among woman—the predominant consumers of personal care products [44].
In animal model, upon exposure of diethyl phthalate led to decrease in Firmicutes
(Bacilli) and increase in the levels of Bacteroidetes (Prevotella). These induced perturbations in the bacterial community were associated with consistent loss of weight
in animal model that is also suggesting the role of phthalates in glucose and lipid
homeostasis [45].
Bisphenol A
Bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly used plasticizer, is mainly present in our daily used
plastic products which include water bottles. Bisphenol A can also contribute to the
etiology of diabetes mellitus as it causes alteration in pancreatic β-cell function and
lipid metabolism [20, 46]. It is very interesting to find that in animal studies, a highfat diet or high-sucrose diet and dietary intake of BPA both are responsible for similar
changes in gut microbiota. BPA can also favor the growth of Helicobacteraceae and
Proteobacteria, with a decrease in the levels of Clostridia and Firmicutes (Table 9.1)
[38]. These microbiota perturbations parallel the microbial structure in patients who
are suffering from diabetes [47, 48]. In the development of metabolic disorders as
obesity or type 2 diabetes, the prenatal exposure to BPA is considered a potential
contributor. Among different studies, diabetogenic effect of BPA is considered as
consistent after prenatal or perinatal exposure. The first evidence came about the
diabetogenic effect of BPA from a study published in 2010 [49]. In male offspring of
9 Alteration of Gut Microbiota in EDCs-Induced Metabolic Disorders