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Introduction
Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition combined in a sole entity as a set of
metabolic abnormalities that possesses similarities in relationship with ectopic lipid
accumulation, chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance [1]. Instead,
the increased prevalence of obesity along with sedentary habits, are crucial risk factors for sequential progress of metabolic syndromes worldwide [2]. As lipids are the
mandatory elements of almost all cells, they play healthy role in energy production,
as a structural component and in signaling process. Irrespective of their notable
functions, their excessive availability and ultimate abnormal intracellular accumulation subsequently provokes numerous metabolic disorders [3]. Among these, lactic
acidosis is an alarming as well as life-threatening condition that is associated with
poor outcomes and mortality [4]. Metabolic acidosis is now frequently observed
especially among patients undergoing intensive care or emergency treatment. Even
acute acidosis perhaps leads to many diseases and may consequently end in total
organ failure [5]. Similarly, overweight and obesity also contribute to high risk factors for incidence and progression of metabolic syndromes in recent years and now
becoming a global health problem [6]. Evidently, obesity is strongly interlinked
with other potential metabolic comorbidities like cardiovascular problems, diabetes,
and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [7].
Likewise, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease coupled with metabolic syndrome
also constitutes high prevalence. So, better lifestyle adaptation together with physical exercise remains the best strategies to compete them [8]. In the same way, diabetes mellitus is among the most prevalent chronic metabolic disease which is
characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose level. Its prevalence among
adults in 2010 was 6.4% and expected to increase up to 7.7% by 2030 [9]. Moreover,
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have also impregnable relationship with the
metabolic disturbance and now becoming principal causative factor for female
infertility [10]. Like the treatments of other metabolic syndromes, healthy diet parallel with medication that improve insulin sensitivity, are the better therapeutic
options for abating the infuriating factors of PCOS [11]. In addition, recent studies
have also reported the contribution of lipids as well as lipid transporters in number
of age-related neurodegenerative diseases owing neuroinflammation [12]. Some of
the important metabolic disorders are discussed in this chapter.
Lactic Acidosis
Energy in the form of ATP is the crucial requirement for all tissues to perform their
assigned functions. Like humans, this happens by transformation of energy rich
molecule (glucose) to end product (CO 2 ). This occurs either by aerobic or anaerobic
process [13]. In anaerobic respiration, especially due to short supply of oxygen,
lactate is formed which starts accumulating in the body [13]. Initially, this lactate
K. Haider et al.
Introduction
Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition combined in a sole entity as a set of
metabolic abnormalities that possesses similarities in relationship with ectopic lipid
accumulation, chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance [1]. Instead,
the increased prevalence of obesity along with sedentary habits, are crucial risk factors for sequential progress of metabolic syndromes worldwide [2]. As lipids are the
mandatory elements of almost all cells, they play healthy role in energy production,
as a structural component and in signaling process. Irrespective of their notable
functions, their excessive availability and ultimate abnormal intracellular accumulation subsequently provokes numerous metabolic disorders [3]. Among these, lactic
acidosis is an alarming as well as life-threatening condition that is associated with
poor outcomes and mortality [4]. Metabolic acidosis is now frequently observed
especially among patients undergoing intensive care or emergency treatment. Even
acute acidosis perhaps leads to many diseases and may consequently end in total
organ failure [5]. Similarly, overweight and obesity also contribute to high risk factors for incidence and progression of metabolic syndromes in recent years and now
becoming a global health problem [6]. Evidently, obesity is strongly interlinked
with other potential metabolic comorbidities like cardiovascular problems, diabetes,
and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [7].
Likewise, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease coupled with metabolic syndrome
also constitutes high prevalence. So, better lifestyle adaptation together with physical exercise remains the best strategies to compete them [8]. In the same way, diabetes mellitus is among the most prevalent chronic metabolic disease which is
characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose level. Its prevalence among
adults in 2010 was 6.4% and expected to increase up to 7.7% by 2030 [9]. Moreover,
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have also impregnable relationship with the
metabolic disturbance and now becoming principal causative factor for female
infertility [10]. Like the treatments of other metabolic syndromes, healthy diet parallel with medication that improve insulin sensitivity, are the better therapeutic
options for abating the infuriating factors of PCOS [11]. In addition, recent studies
have also reported the contribution of lipids as well as lipid transporters in number
of age-related neurodegenerative diseases owing neuroinflammation [12]. Some of
the important metabolic disorders are discussed in this chapter.
Lactic Acidosis
Energy in the form of ATP is the crucial requirement for all tissues to perform their
assigned functions. Like humans, this happens by transformation of energy rich
molecule (glucose) to end product (CO 2 ). This occurs either by aerobic or anaerobic
process [13]. In anaerobic respiration, especially due to short supply of oxygen,
lactate is formed which starts accumulating in the body [13]. Initially, this lactate
K. Haider et al.