85
was just considered as a waste product as a consequence of anaerobic respiration.
But recently, its metabolism is significantly studied which demonstrates its significance in many physiological and pathological conditions [14]. Lactic acid has also
an influential role in energy regulations, such as cardiac myocytes utilize lactate as
a fuel, contributing 10–15% of energy provision at rest. In addition to energy supply
to cardiac myocytes, a study in rodents exhibits impaired myocardial function upon
lactate deprivation from circulation. Similar effects were also prominent in brain as
well as in kidney [15]. Alternatively, hyperlactatemia is engaged with several pathological conditions, such as various cardiac complications like cardiac arrest, acute
coronary syndrome, and cardiogenic shock, where lactate clearance is associated
with more reliable and better outcomes [16]. Also, lactate is elevated in injured
brain, making association with traumatic brain injury [17]. Likewise, it also potentiates ischemic brain injury by activation of GPR81-mediated signaling, providing a
target for treating ischemic brain injury by blocking GPR81 receptors. Also, presence of GPR81 receptors in many intracellular organelles demonstrates its multiple
functions and associated complications [15].
Lactate being vital energy source as well as substantial metabolic substrates, also
activates GPR81 receptor, so it manipulates its role in averting lipolysis in adipose
tissues. This also paved a novel pathway for treating dyslipidemia along with other
metabolic disorders [18]. Furthermore, lactic acid bacteria are also proved as considerable tool for targeting fat related metabolic disorders. Such as, oral administration of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus gasseri NH) diminishes fatty acid synthesis
and so, able to protect the body from number of metabolic disorders which are
the consequences of impaired lipid metabolism [19].
Obesity
According to World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is an increased or abnormal fat accumulation in the body associated with certain risks for health. Mostly
body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m
2
is regarded as overweight, while BMI
greater than 30 kg/m
2
is considered as obese (obesity). And alarmingly, this is
becoming a global problem [20]. Its prevalence has been raising worldwide
and reached up to pandemic level in about previous 50 years. The potential trembling problem is the associated health risks with it, such as myocardial infraction,
fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and sleep
apnea, all leading towards disturbance in quality of life as well as life expectancy
[21]. Actually, the fundamental triggering events associated with such a metabolic
disorder and now becoming the major global health issues are the luxurious lifestyle and improper diet. Combined effect of environmental factors and genetic
makeup along with irregular energy balance, further augmented by improper diet
consequently provoke obesity [22].
Sleep deprivation is considered as one of the causative factors for obesity. The
unique mechanism linking sleep deprivation and obesity is still debatable. However,
5 Impaired Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Disorders
was just considered as a waste product as a consequence of anaerobic respiration.
But recently, its metabolism is significantly studied which demonstrates its significance in many physiological and pathological conditions [14]. Lactic acid has also
an influential role in energy regulations, such as cardiac myocytes utilize lactate as
a fuel, contributing 10–15% of energy provision at rest. In addition to energy supply
to cardiac myocytes, a study in rodents exhibits impaired myocardial function upon
lactate deprivation from circulation. Similar effects were also prominent in brain as
well as in kidney [15]. Alternatively, hyperlactatemia is engaged with several pathological conditions, such as various cardiac complications like cardiac arrest, acute
coronary syndrome, and cardiogenic shock, where lactate clearance is associated
with more reliable and better outcomes [16]. Also, lactate is elevated in injured
brain, making association with traumatic brain injury [17]. Likewise, it also potentiates ischemic brain injury by activation of GPR81-mediated signaling, providing a
target for treating ischemic brain injury by blocking GPR81 receptors. Also, presence of GPR81 receptors in many intracellular organelles demonstrates its multiple
functions and associated complications [15].
Lactate being vital energy source as well as substantial metabolic substrates, also
activates GPR81 receptor, so it manipulates its role in averting lipolysis in adipose
tissues. This also paved a novel pathway for treating dyslipidemia along with other
metabolic disorders [18]. Furthermore, lactic acid bacteria are also proved as considerable tool for targeting fat related metabolic disorders. Such as, oral administration of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus gasseri NH) diminishes fatty acid synthesis
and so, able to protect the body from number of metabolic disorders which are
the consequences of impaired lipid metabolism [19].
Obesity
According to World Health Organization (WHO), obesity is an increased or abnormal fat accumulation in the body associated with certain risks for health. Mostly
body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m
2
is regarded as overweight, while BMI
greater than 30 kg/m
2
is considered as obese (obesity). And alarmingly, this is
becoming a global problem [20]. Its prevalence has been raising worldwide
and reached up to pandemic level in about previous 50 years. The potential trembling problem is the associated health risks with it, such as myocardial infraction,
fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and sleep
apnea, all leading towards disturbance in quality of life as well as life expectancy
[21]. Actually, the fundamental triggering events associated with such a metabolic
disorder and now becoming the major global health issues are the luxurious lifestyle and improper diet. Combined effect of environmental factors and genetic
makeup along with irregular energy balance, further augmented by improper diet
consequently provoke obesity [22].
Sleep deprivation is considered as one of the causative factors for obesity. The
unique mechanism linking sleep deprivation and obesity is still debatable. However,
5 Impaired Lipid Metabolism in Metabolic Disorders