his regional landscape classification of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, Albert (1995) recognized climate,
bedrock geology, physiography, and vegetation as key
components. However, brief descriptions were made of soils
within each landscape map unit. Many of the case studies of
soils along the Great Lakes shoreline utilized buried soils in
dunes to identify periods of dune activity. An example is the
paleosol buried in dunes at Mt. Baldy in the eastern part of
the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore on southern Lake
Michigan (Fig. 1.9). The lower dune formed 3,000–
4,000 year BP.
Some of the classic studies of soil chronosequences have
been done on dunes and beach ridges along the Great Lakes
shores (Olson 1958). Other studies of soil chronosequences
in the Great Lakes region include those of Franzmeier and
Whiteside (1963a, b), Cary et al. (1979), Berg (1980),
Barrett and Schaetzl (1992), VandenBygaart and Protz
(1995), Lichter (1998), Barrett (2001), and Howard et al.
(2012).
One of the most famous soils in the GLCZ is the Two
Creeks soil (Fig. 1.10). The soil underlies a buried spruce
forest along the western Lake Michigan shore near Two
Creeks, WI. The soil is developed on drift from the Cary
glacial stage, buried by Valders drift, and dated at
11,850 year BP (Lee and Horn 1972).
1.3
Great Lakes Coastal Zone
The Laurentian Great Lakes contain nearly 17,000 km of
coastline (includes islands) and are sometimes referred to as
the North American “Third Coast” (Fig. 1.11). The Great
Lakes contain 18% of the world and 90% of the US fresh
surface water. The Great Lakes region supports 33 million
people and is important to the US and Canada for shipping,
fishing, recreation, forest products, power generation, and
other land uses (Environmental Protection Agency 1995;
Northeast-Midwest Institute and National Oceanic and
Table 1.4 County and district
soil surveys for the Canadian
Great Lakes Coastal Zone
County/District
Lake
Year
Scale
Map ID No.
Durham
ON
1946
1:126720
on09
Prince Edward
ON
1948
1:63360
on10
Essex
HU, ER
1949
1:63360
on11
Huron
HU
1952
1:63360
on13
Bruce
HU
1975
1:63360
on16
Grey
HU
1981
1:63360
on17
Peel
ON
1953
1:63360
on18
Lambton
HU
1957
1:63360
on22
Ontario
ON
1956
1:63360
on23
Manitoulin Island
HU
1959
1:63360
on26
Simcoe
HU
1962
1:63360
on29
Parry Sound
HU
1962
1:126720
on31
Lennox-Addington
ON
1963
1:63360
on36
Frontenac
ON
1965
1:63360
on39
Northumberland
ON
1974
1:63360
on42
Halton
ON
1971
1:63360
on43
Halton
ON
1971
1:63360
on43
Thunder Bay
SU
1981
1:50000
on48
Sault Ste. Marie-Blind River
HU
1983
1:50000
on50
Puskakwa
SU
1985
1:100000
on53
Norfolk
ER
1984
1:25000
on57
Niagara
ER, ON
1986
1:25000
on60
Elgin
ER
1992
1:50000
on63
Chatham-Kent
HU, ER
1996
1:63360
on64
Avg. range
1946–1996
1:25000–1:126720
10
1 Introduction to the Soils of the Great Lakes Coastal Zone
bedrock geology, physiography, and vegetation as key
components. However, brief descriptions were made of soils
within each landscape map unit. Many of the case studies of
soils along the Great Lakes shoreline utilized buried soils in
dunes to identify periods of dune activity. An example is the
paleosol buried in dunes at Mt. Baldy in the eastern part of
the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore on southern Lake
Michigan (Fig. 1.9). The lower dune formed 3,000–
4,000 year BP.
Some of the classic studies of soil chronosequences have
been done on dunes and beach ridges along the Great Lakes
shores (Olson 1958). Other studies of soil chronosequences
in the Great Lakes region include those of Franzmeier and
Whiteside (1963a, b), Cary et al. (1979), Berg (1980),
Barrett and Schaetzl (1992), VandenBygaart and Protz
(1995), Lichter (1998), Barrett (2001), and Howard et al.
(2012).
One of the most famous soils in the GLCZ is the Two
Creeks soil (Fig. 1.10). The soil underlies a buried spruce
forest along the western Lake Michigan shore near Two
Creeks, WI. The soil is developed on drift from the Cary
glacial stage, buried by Valders drift, and dated at
11,850 year BP (Lee and Horn 1972).
1.3
Great Lakes Coastal Zone
The Laurentian Great Lakes contain nearly 17,000 km of
coastline (includes islands) and are sometimes referred to as
the North American “Third Coast” (Fig. 1.11). The Great
Lakes contain 18% of the world and 90% of the US fresh
surface water. The Great Lakes region supports 33 million
people and is important to the US and Canada for shipping,
fishing, recreation, forest products, power generation, and
other land uses (Environmental Protection Agency 1995;
Northeast-Midwest Institute and National Oceanic and
Table 1.4 County and district
soil surveys for the Canadian
Great Lakes Coastal Zone
County/District
Lake
Year
Scale
Map ID No.
Durham
ON
1946
1:126720
on09
Prince Edward
ON
1948
1:63360
on10
Essex
HU, ER
1949
1:63360
on11
Huron
HU
1952
1:63360
on13
Bruce
HU
1975
1:63360
on16
Grey
HU
1981
1:63360
on17
Peel
ON
1953
1:63360
on18
Lambton
HU
1957
1:63360
on22
Ontario
ON
1956
1:63360
on23
Manitoulin Island
HU
1959
1:63360
on26
Simcoe
HU
1962
1:63360
on29
Parry Sound
HU
1962
1:126720
on31
Lennox-Addington
ON
1963
1:63360
on36
Frontenac
ON
1965
1:63360
on39
Northumberland
ON
1974
1:63360
on42
Halton
ON
1971
1:63360
on43
Halton
ON
1971
1:63360
on43
Thunder Bay
SU
1981
1:50000
on48
Sault Ste. Marie-Blind River
HU
1983
1:50000
on50
Puskakwa
SU
1985
1:100000
on53
Norfolk
ER
1984
1:25000
on57
Niagara
ER, ON
1986
1:25000
on60
Elgin
ER
1992
1:50000
on63
Chatham-Kent
HU, ER
1996
1:63360
on64
Avg. range
1946–1996
1:25000–1:126720
10
1 Introduction to the Soils of the Great Lakes Coastal Zone