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Hurricane Irma, which made landfall in the Florida Keys on September 10, 2017 as
a category 4 storm. Hurricane-force winds extended outward from the eye up to
80 miles. The size and path of the storm caused it to generate a storm surge that first
drained water out of Florida Bay, then caused it to come rushing back in within a
matter of hours. Depending on location, the surge ranged between 4 and 10  feet
Fig. 12.13 Changes along
eastern shoreline of Jim
Foot Key, Florida Bay (the
ground view of Fig. 12.14)
before and after Hurricane
Irma (September 2017).
(a), April 2014; (b),
January 2018; and (c),
April 2019. Circled
mangrove stump shows
same location in pictures.
(Images by L. Wingard)
12 Climate, Sea Level, and People – Changing South Florida’s Mangrove Coast
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