lymphatic filarial parasite Brugia malayi in experimental rodent host. Parasitol Res 109
(5):1351–1360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2380-x
Moga MA, Balan A, Anastasiu CV, Dimienescu OG, Neculoiu CD, Gavris C (2018) An overview
on the anti-cancer activity of azadirachta indica (neem) in gynecological cancers. Int J Mol Sci
19(12).https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123898
Murphy MP, LeVine H 3rd (2010) Alzheimer’s disease and the amyloid-beta peptide.
J Alzheimers Dis 19(1):311–323. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1221
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M,
Lozano R, Lopez AD (2012) Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic
analysis. Lancet 379(9814):413–431
Nathan SS, Kalaivani K, Murugan K (2005) Effects of neem limonoids on the malaria vector
Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 96(1):47–55
Okhale S, Amupitan J, Ayo R, Oladosu P, Okogun J (2013) Synthesis and antibacterial activity of
7-deacetoxy-7a-hydroxygedunin. African J Pure Appl Chem 7(4):157–163
Okhale S, Amupitan J, Ndukwe I, Oladosu P, Okogun J (2012) Synthetic modification of gedunin
and comparative antibacterial activity of gedunin and 7-deacetoxy-7a-hydroxygedunin
potassium salt. African J Pure Appl Chem 6(14):183–189
Omar S, Godard K, Ingham A, Hussain H, Wongpanich V, Pezzuto J, Durst T, Eklu C,
Gbeassor M, Sanchez-Vindas P, Poveda L, Philogene BJR, Arnason JT (2003a) Antimalarial
activities of gedunin and 7-methoxygedunin and synergistic activity with dillapiol. Annals
Appl Biol 143 2):135–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00279.x
Omar S, Zhang J, MacKinnon S, Leaman D, Durst T, Philogene BJ, Arnason JT, Sanchez-Vindas
PE, Poveda L, Tamez PA, Pezzuto JM (2003) Traditionally-used antimalarials from the
Meliaceae. Curr Top Med Chem 3(2):133–139. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026033392499
Ong YS, Saiful Yazan L, Ng WK, Abdullah R, Mustapha NM, Sapuan S, Foo JB, Tor YS,
How CW, Abd Rahman N (2018) Thymoquinone loaded in nanostructured lipid carrier
showed enhanced anti-cancer activity in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Nanomedicine 13(13):1567–
1582
Paavola KJ, Hall RA (2012) Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: signaling, pharmacology, and
mechanisms of activation. Mol Pharmacol 82(5):777–783. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.112.
080309
Patwardhan CA, Fauq A, Peterson LB, Miller C, Blagg BS, Chadli A (2013) Gedunin inactivates
the co-chaperone p23 protein causing cancer cell death by apoptosis. J Biol Chem 288
(10):7313–7325. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.427328
Penido C, Conte FP, Chagas MS, Rodrigues CA, Pereira JF, Henriques MG (2006)
Antiinflammatory effects of natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis
Aublet on zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Inflam Res Offic J Eur Histamine Res Soc 55
(11):457–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-006-5161-8
Penido C, Costa KA, Pennaforte RJ, Costa MF, Pereira JF, Siani AC, Henriques MG (2005)
Anti-allergic effects of natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis Aublet on
allergen-induced vascular permeability and hyperalgesia. Inflam Res Offic J Eur Histamine Res
Soc 54(7):295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-005-1357-6
Ramanan VK, Saykin AJ (2013) Pathways to neurodegeneration: mechanistic insights from
GWAS in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and related disorders. Am J Neurodegen
Disease 2(3):145–175
Schabitz WR, Sommer C, Zoder W, Kiessling M, Schwaninger M, Schwab S (2000) Intravenous
brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size and counterregulates Bax and Bcl-2
expression after temporary focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 31(9):2212–2217. https://doi.org/10.
1161/01.str.31.9.2212
Sharma C, Vas AJ, Goala P, Gheewala TM, Rizvi TA, Hussain A (2014) Ethanolic Neem
(Azadirachta indica) leaf extract prevents growth of MCF-7 and HeLa cells and potentiates the
therapeutic index of cisplatin. J Oncol 2014:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/321754
Sinha S, Medhi B, Sehgal R (2014) Challenges of drug-resistant malaria. Parasite 21:61–61.
https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014059
16 An Overview of the Bioactivities of Gedunin
585
(5):1351–1360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-011-2380-x
Moga MA, Balan A, Anastasiu CV, Dimienescu OG, Neculoiu CD, Gavris C (2018) An overview
on the anti-cancer activity of azadirachta indica (neem) in gynecological cancers. Int J Mol Sci
19(12).https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19123898
Murphy MP, LeVine H 3rd (2010) Alzheimer’s disease and the amyloid-beta peptide.
J Alzheimers Dis 19(1):311–323. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-1221
Murray CJ, Rosenfeld LC, Lim SS, Andrews KG, Foreman KJ, Haring D, Fullman N, Naghavi M,
Lozano R, Lopez AD (2012) Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010: a systematic
analysis. Lancet 379(9814):413–431
Nathan SS, Kalaivani K, Murugan K (2005) Effects of neem limonoids on the malaria vector
Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 96(1):47–55
Okhale S, Amupitan J, Ayo R, Oladosu P, Okogun J (2013) Synthesis and antibacterial activity of
7-deacetoxy-7a-hydroxygedunin. African J Pure Appl Chem 7(4):157–163
Okhale S, Amupitan J, Ndukwe I, Oladosu P, Okogun J (2012) Synthetic modification of gedunin
and comparative antibacterial activity of gedunin and 7-deacetoxy-7a-hydroxygedunin
potassium salt. African J Pure Appl Chem 6(14):183–189
Omar S, Godard K, Ingham A, Hussain H, Wongpanich V, Pezzuto J, Durst T, Eklu C,
Gbeassor M, Sanchez-Vindas P, Poveda L, Philogene BJR, Arnason JT (2003a) Antimalarial
activities of gedunin and 7-methoxygedunin and synergistic activity with dillapiol. Annals
Appl Biol 143 2):135–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2003.tb00279.x
Omar S, Zhang J, MacKinnon S, Leaman D, Durst T, Philogene BJ, Arnason JT, Sanchez-Vindas
PE, Poveda L, Tamez PA, Pezzuto JM (2003) Traditionally-used antimalarials from the
Meliaceae. Curr Top Med Chem 3(2):133–139. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026033392499
Ong YS, Saiful Yazan L, Ng WK, Abdullah R, Mustapha NM, Sapuan S, Foo JB, Tor YS,
How CW, Abd Rahman N (2018) Thymoquinone loaded in nanostructured lipid carrier
showed enhanced anti-cancer activity in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. Nanomedicine 13(13):1567–
1582
Paavola KJ, Hall RA (2012) Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors: signaling, pharmacology, and
mechanisms of activation. Mol Pharmacol 82(5):777–783. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.112.
080309
Patwardhan CA, Fauq A, Peterson LB, Miller C, Blagg BS, Chadli A (2013) Gedunin inactivates
the co-chaperone p23 protein causing cancer cell death by apoptosis. J Biol Chem 288
(10):7313–7325. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.427328
Penido C, Conte FP, Chagas MS, Rodrigues CA, Pereira JF, Henriques MG (2006)
Antiinflammatory effects of natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis
Aublet on zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Inflam Res Offic J Eur Histamine Res Soc 55
(11):457–464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-006-5161-8
Penido C, Costa KA, Pennaforte RJ, Costa MF, Pereira JF, Siani AC, Henriques MG (2005)
Anti-allergic effects of natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis Aublet on
allergen-induced vascular permeability and hyperalgesia. Inflam Res Offic J Eur Histamine Res
Soc 54(7):295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-005-1357-6
Ramanan VK, Saykin AJ (2013) Pathways to neurodegeneration: mechanistic insights from
GWAS in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and related disorders. Am J Neurodegen
Disease 2(3):145–175
Schabitz WR, Sommer C, Zoder W, Kiessling M, Schwaninger M, Schwab S (2000) Intravenous
brain-derived neurotrophic factor reduces infarct size and counterregulates Bax and Bcl-2
expression after temporary focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 31(9):2212–2217. https://doi.org/10.
1161/01.str.31.9.2212
Sharma C, Vas AJ, Goala P, Gheewala TM, Rizvi TA, Hussain A (2014) Ethanolic Neem
(Azadirachta indica) leaf extract prevents growth of MCF-7 and HeLa cells and potentiates the
therapeutic index of cisplatin. J Oncol 2014:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/321754
Sinha S, Medhi B, Sehgal R (2014) Challenges of drug-resistant malaria. Parasite 21:61–61.
https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014059
16 An Overview of the Bioactivities of Gedunin
585