translocation to the peripheral cell plasma membrane in T2DM patients hinders the
entrance of glucose into the cell for energy production. In addition to suitable drugs,
a proper diet and/or exercise can be executed to target the increase in GLUT4
expression. Glucose transporters have major implications for the control of the
delivery of glucose to mammalian cells; for this reason, they will become more and
more prominent for the management as diabetes (Alam et al. 2016).
In the next lines are going to be aborded phytochemicals as source materials for
the modulation of glucose transporters and therefore implicated in the development
of new antidiabetic drugs or therapies for the management of diabetes.
The potential of flavonoids such as anthocyanins and myricetin against diabetes
is primarily through the modulation effects on glucose transporter by enhancing
GLUT2 expression in pancreatic b cells and increasing expression and encouraging
translocation of GLUT4 via PI3K/AKT, CAP/Cb1/TC10, and AMPK pathway
(Hajiaghaalipour et al. 2015). Resveratrol is a compound derived from the
phenylpropanoid pathway found in Japanese knotweed, peanuts, berries, grape
skins, red wine, and roots of rhubarb; studies have reported blood-glucose-lowering
effects of resveratrol in animal models, among the propose mechanisms is the
enhancement of GLUT4 translocation (Ota and Ulrih 2017). Quercetin influences
glucose and lipid metabolism, probably because of the increase of the glucose
uptake by means of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) insulin-dependent
mechanism, resulting in the translocation of GLUT4. Rutin also has shown stimulation of glucose transport into muscle through activating the synthesis and
translocation of the transporter GLUT4 (Bagetta et al. 2020). Isoflavones improve
glucose uptake in white adipose tissue by means of increasing the expression of
GLUT4 whereas improves insulin resistance in the skeletal muscles by means of
upregulating GLUT 4 translocation (Duru et al. 2018). Epigallocatechin gallate, a
bioactive polyphenol in green tea, promotes GLUT4 translocation to improve
adipose insulin resistance (Xu et al. 2018), this same mechanism is activated by
ginsenosides (Shao et al. 2019) and by para-nitro derivative of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (Li et al. 2019). Dinda et al. (2020) in their comprehensive review
about role of dietary flavonoids in prevention of obesity and diabetes states that
flavonoids improve GLUT4 expression and translocation to plasma membrane. In
the same sense is the review made by Unuofin and Lebelo (2020). Abscisic acid, a
terpenoid, in in vitro condition has been reported to adjust GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake. Plumbagin, a quinone, contributes to glucose homeostasis through
GLUT4 translocation (Xu et al. 2018). P-coumaric acid has potentially beneficial
effects in improving or treating metabolic disorders by modulating modulates
glucose and lipid metabolism via GLUT2 (Amalan et al. 2016).
Regarding SGLT inhibitors, alkaloid compounds isolated from the leaves of A.
macrophylla have shown good SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibition. Two stilbene trimers, gneyulin A and B from the dried bark of G. gnemonoides, displayed inhibition for SGLT1 and SGLT2. Also, inhibition for these transporters was found for
Schisandra chinens. This plant contains polyphenols, lignans, and triterpenoids
whose pharmacological effects have been evaluated (Choi 2016). SGLT2 inhibitors
inhibit renal glucose reabsorption and promote glucosuria, thereby leading to
546
S. N. Jimenez-Garcia et al.
entrance of glucose into the cell for energy production. In addition to suitable drugs,
a proper diet and/or exercise can be executed to target the increase in GLUT4
expression. Glucose transporters have major implications for the control of the
delivery of glucose to mammalian cells; for this reason, they will become more and
more prominent for the management as diabetes (Alam et al. 2016).
In the next lines are going to be aborded phytochemicals as source materials for
the modulation of glucose transporters and therefore implicated in the development
of new antidiabetic drugs or therapies for the management of diabetes.
The potential of flavonoids such as anthocyanins and myricetin against diabetes
is primarily through the modulation effects on glucose transporter by enhancing
GLUT2 expression in pancreatic b cells and increasing expression and encouraging
translocation of GLUT4 via PI3K/AKT, CAP/Cb1/TC10, and AMPK pathway
(Hajiaghaalipour et al. 2015). Resveratrol is a compound derived from the
phenylpropanoid pathway found in Japanese knotweed, peanuts, berries, grape
skins, red wine, and roots of rhubarb; studies have reported blood-glucose-lowering
effects of resveratrol in animal models, among the propose mechanisms is the
enhancement of GLUT4 translocation (Ota and Ulrih 2017). Quercetin influences
glucose and lipid metabolism, probably because of the increase of the glucose
uptake by means of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) insulin-dependent
mechanism, resulting in the translocation of GLUT4. Rutin also has shown stimulation of glucose transport into muscle through activating the synthesis and
translocation of the transporter GLUT4 (Bagetta et al. 2020). Isoflavones improve
glucose uptake in white adipose tissue by means of increasing the expression of
GLUT4 whereas improves insulin resistance in the skeletal muscles by means of
upregulating GLUT 4 translocation (Duru et al. 2018). Epigallocatechin gallate, a
bioactive polyphenol in green tea, promotes GLUT4 translocation to improve
adipose insulin resistance (Xu et al. 2018), this same mechanism is activated by
ginsenosides (Shao et al. 2019) and by para-nitro derivative of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (Li et al. 2019). Dinda et al. (2020) in their comprehensive review
about role of dietary flavonoids in prevention of obesity and diabetes states that
flavonoids improve GLUT4 expression and translocation to plasma membrane. In
the same sense is the review made by Unuofin and Lebelo (2020). Abscisic acid, a
terpenoid, in in vitro condition has been reported to adjust GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake. Plumbagin, a quinone, contributes to glucose homeostasis through
GLUT4 translocation (Xu et al. 2018). P-coumaric acid has potentially beneficial
effects in improving or treating metabolic disorders by modulating modulates
glucose and lipid metabolism via GLUT2 (Amalan et al. 2016).
Regarding SGLT inhibitors, alkaloid compounds isolated from the leaves of A.
macrophylla have shown good SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibition. Two stilbene trimers, gneyulin A and B from the dried bark of G. gnemonoides, displayed inhibition for SGLT1 and SGLT2. Also, inhibition for these transporters was found for
Schisandra chinens. This plant contains polyphenols, lignans, and triterpenoids
whose pharmacological effects have been evaluated (Choi 2016). SGLT2 inhibitors
inhibit renal glucose reabsorption and promote glucosuria, thereby leading to
546
S. N. Jimenez-Garcia et al.