15.5 Activation of Glucose Transporters
Glucose is a key fuel for most cells and a vital substrate for many biochemical
reactions. Since glucose is essential for every cell of the body, so are the glucose
transporters. There are three main of glucose transporters: sodium–glucose linked
transporters (SGLTs), facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUT), this one
can be divided into subclasses (Class I, II, and III), and SWEET (this one was
recently discovered. SWEET1 is the one found in humans and it is suggested to
provide glucose for lactose synthesis in the mammary gland). About GLUT
transporters, Class I facilitative glucose transporters are represented by GLUT1 to
GLUT4. Class II of glucose transporters has four members, namely, GLUT5,
GLUT7, GLUT9, and GLUT11. There are five known Class III glucose facilitative
transporters, namely, GLUT6, GLUT8, GLUT10, GLUT12, and GLUT13 (HMIT).
GLUT isoforms vary in their tissue specificity and affinity for glucose (Navale and
Paranjape 2016; Szablewski 2019).
Peripheral resistance to insulin is a prominent feature of both insulin-dependent
and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Skeletal muscle is the principal site in charge
of the decreased insulin-induced glucose consumption in diabetic subjects. The
rate-limiting step for glucose utilization in muscle is the glucose transporters. This
cellular process malfunctions in human and animal diabetes. Glucose transport
crosswise the muscle cell plasma membrane is facilitated by glucose transporter
proteins. The isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT4 are expressed in muscle. Insulin
increases glucose transport in muscle by the recruitment of the GLUT4 transporter
(but not GLUT1) from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane. GLUT4 is
involved in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Defects in GLUT4 expression or
Table 15.3 (continued)
Plant/vegetable
specie
Part used
% Inhibition (IC50)
References
Pheidole
punctulata
Leaves
0.874 mg/dl
Kidane et al.
(2018)
Meriandra
bengalensis
Leaves
0.599 mg/dl
Kidane et al.
(2018)
Agaricus blazei
Fruit body
357.23 ± 20.11
Stojkovic
et al. (2019)
Coprinus
comatus
Fruit body
322.74 ± 1.21
Stojkovic
et al. (2019)
Canna indica L.
Rhizome
2.35 lg/ml, 27.1 lg/ml.
Ayusman
et al. (2020)
Canarium
tramdenum
Bark
18.93 lg/ml
Quan et al.
(2019)
Vitis aestivalis
Peel
0.384 mg/ml
Zhang et al.
(2011)
– Not specified
15 Role of Natural Bio-active Compounds …
545
Glucose is a key fuel for most cells and a vital substrate for many biochemical
reactions. Since glucose is essential for every cell of the body, so are the glucose
transporters. There are three main of glucose transporters: sodium–glucose linked
transporters (SGLTs), facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUT), this one
can be divided into subclasses (Class I, II, and III), and SWEET (this one was
recently discovered. SWEET1 is the one found in humans and it is suggested to
provide glucose for lactose synthesis in the mammary gland). About GLUT
transporters, Class I facilitative glucose transporters are represented by GLUT1 to
GLUT4. Class II of glucose transporters has four members, namely, GLUT5,
GLUT7, GLUT9, and GLUT11. There are five known Class III glucose facilitative
transporters, namely, GLUT6, GLUT8, GLUT10, GLUT12, and GLUT13 (HMIT).
GLUT isoforms vary in their tissue specificity and affinity for glucose (Navale and
Paranjape 2016; Szablewski 2019).
Peripheral resistance to insulin is a prominent feature of both insulin-dependent
and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Skeletal muscle is the principal site in charge
of the decreased insulin-induced glucose consumption in diabetic subjects. The
rate-limiting step for glucose utilization in muscle is the glucose transporters. This
cellular process malfunctions in human and animal diabetes. Glucose transport
crosswise the muscle cell plasma membrane is facilitated by glucose transporter
proteins. The isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT4 are expressed in muscle. Insulin
increases glucose transport in muscle by the recruitment of the GLUT4 transporter
(but not GLUT1) from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane. GLUT4 is
involved in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Defects in GLUT4 expression or
Table 15.3 (continued)
Plant/vegetable
specie
Part used
% Inhibition (IC50)
References
Pheidole
punctulata
Leaves
0.874 mg/dl
Kidane et al.
(2018)
Meriandra
bengalensis
Leaves
0.599 mg/dl
Kidane et al.
(2018)
Agaricus blazei
Fruit body
357.23 ± 20.11
Stojkovic
et al. (2019)
Coprinus
comatus
Fruit body
322.74 ± 1.21
Stojkovic
et al. (2019)
Canna indica L.
Rhizome
2.35 lg/ml, 27.1 lg/ml.
Ayusman
et al. (2020)
Canarium
tramdenum
Bark
18.93 lg/ml
Quan et al.
(2019)
Vitis aestivalis
Peel
0.384 mg/ml
Zhang et al.
(2011)
– Not specified
15 Role of Natural Bio-active Compounds …
545