oregano, hazelnut, pistachio, apple, red wine, hot pepper, Citrus sp. fruits, saffron,
and garlic) focusing on their impact on insulin resistance and T2DM, endothelial
dysfunctions, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and dyslipidaemic and
hypercholesterolemic effects. A broad range of vegetables displayed differente
ranges of a-glucosidade inhibition activity (pepper, tomato, eggplant, potato, onion,
bitter melon, pumpkin, shallot, red cabbage, kiwi, cinnamon, mustard, Chinese
rhubarb, soybeans, among other). Assefa et al. (2020) addressed the percentage of
a-glucosidade inhibition according to different parts of plants and plant extracts.
Also, it is aborded the chemical compounds implicated in such inhibition such as
luteolin-7-O-glucoside a flavonoid isolated from pepper leaves and lactucaxanthin a
carotenoid extracted from lettuce. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside as well as different glucosides derived from cyanidin has been found to exert a-glucosidase inhibitory
activity. Different anthocyanins are postulated as bioactive components against
diabetes (Gowd et al. 2017). Many a-glucosidase inhibitors belonging to plants
such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, phenolic
compounds, and so on are aborded in the review made by Kumar et al. (2011b) with
their inhibitory potency along with IC 50 values.
Plants commonly used to help manage blood glucose include bitter melon,
fenugreek gurmar, ivy gourd, nopal, ginseng, Russian tarragon, cinnamon, psyllium, and garlic. The review made by Ota and Ulrih (2017) states that many of them
prevent glucose absorption by inhibiting intestinal a-amylase and a-glucosidase
throughout the action of several flavonoids (e.g., quercetin and kaempferol). In this
same sense is the review by Bi et al. (2017) about the used of spices in the
management of diabetes mellitus. A wide range of plant species from Africa,
Central America, Mexico, South Asia, and Iran implicate in the decrease of blood
sugar levels by inhibiting the enzymes a-amylase and a-glucosidase are summarized by Chinsembu (2019). Here it is stated that the mechanisms of action are
mediated by phytochemical agents such as saponins, polyphenols, ellagitannins,
triterpenes, and elements (Mg, P, Ca, K, Mn, Cu, Zn, S, Cr, Co, Ni, and V).
Sesquiterpene lactones that could be used to treat diabetes because of a-glucosidase
inhibition are summarized by Chen et al. (2019b). Reviews from plants all over the
word state as an antidiabetic mechanisms the inhibition of a-glucosidase
(Samarakoon et al. 2019; Hamza et al. 2019; Rafe 2017; Rezaei et al. 2015;
Esquivel-Gutiérrez et al. 2012; Salehi et al. 2019).
It is well known the richens of secondary metabolites of Moringa oleifera
(quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, oleic
acid, a-tocopherol, b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and Δ
5 -avenasterol,
among others), hence their implications in ameliorating different health diseases
have also been evaluated. Hexane root extract exhibited the high a-glucosidase
inhibition of 88.045 ± 0.765% at 1.00 mg/ml extract concentration (IC 50 value of
0.382 ± 0.006 mg/ml). This value is higher than that of acarbose (Magaji et al.
2020). Due to significant amount of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and steroids found in Carica papaya seeds extracts, inhibitory effects of on
a-glucosidase enzymes have been evaluated. The hexane extract (IC 50 = 75.78 mg/
ml) displayed the most potent and prominent effect compared to other extracts
542
S. N. Jimenez-Garcia et al.
and garlic) focusing on their impact on insulin resistance and T2DM, endothelial
dysfunctions, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and dyslipidaemic and
hypercholesterolemic effects. A broad range of vegetables displayed differente
ranges of a-glucosidade inhibition activity (pepper, tomato, eggplant, potato, onion,
bitter melon, pumpkin, shallot, red cabbage, kiwi, cinnamon, mustard, Chinese
rhubarb, soybeans, among other). Assefa et al. (2020) addressed the percentage of
a-glucosidade inhibition according to different parts of plants and plant extracts.
Also, it is aborded the chemical compounds implicated in such inhibition such as
luteolin-7-O-glucoside a flavonoid isolated from pepper leaves and lactucaxanthin a
carotenoid extracted from lettuce. Cyanidin-3-rutinoside as well as different glucosides derived from cyanidin has been found to exert a-glucosidase inhibitory
activity. Different anthocyanins are postulated as bioactive components against
diabetes (Gowd et al. 2017). Many a-glucosidase inhibitors belonging to plants
such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthocyanins, glycosides, phenolic
compounds, and so on are aborded in the review made by Kumar et al. (2011b) with
their inhibitory potency along with IC 50 values.
Plants commonly used to help manage blood glucose include bitter melon,
fenugreek gurmar, ivy gourd, nopal, ginseng, Russian tarragon, cinnamon, psyllium, and garlic. The review made by Ota and Ulrih (2017) states that many of them
prevent glucose absorption by inhibiting intestinal a-amylase and a-glucosidase
throughout the action of several flavonoids (e.g., quercetin and kaempferol). In this
same sense is the review by Bi et al. (2017) about the used of spices in the
management of diabetes mellitus. A wide range of plant species from Africa,
Central America, Mexico, South Asia, and Iran implicate in the decrease of blood
sugar levels by inhibiting the enzymes a-amylase and a-glucosidase are summarized by Chinsembu (2019). Here it is stated that the mechanisms of action are
mediated by phytochemical agents such as saponins, polyphenols, ellagitannins,
triterpenes, and elements (Mg, P, Ca, K, Mn, Cu, Zn, S, Cr, Co, Ni, and V).
Sesquiterpene lactones that could be used to treat diabetes because of a-glucosidase
inhibition are summarized by Chen et al. (2019b). Reviews from plants all over the
word state as an antidiabetic mechanisms the inhibition of a-glucosidase
(Samarakoon et al. 2019; Hamza et al. 2019; Rafe 2017; Rezaei et al. 2015;
Esquivel-Gutiérrez et al. 2012; Salehi et al. 2019).
It is well known the richens of secondary metabolites of Moringa oleifera
(quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, rutin, caffeic acid, oleic
acid, a-tocopherol, b-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and Δ
5 -avenasterol,
among others), hence their implications in ameliorating different health diseases
have also been evaluated. Hexane root extract exhibited the high a-glucosidase
inhibition of 88.045 ± 0.765% at 1.00 mg/ml extract concentration (IC 50 value of
0.382 ± 0.006 mg/ml). This value is higher than that of acarbose (Magaji et al.
2020). Due to significant amount of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and steroids found in Carica papaya seeds extracts, inhibitory effects of on
a-glucosidase enzymes have been evaluated. The hexane extract (IC 50 = 75.78 mg/
ml) displayed the most potent and prominent effect compared to other extracts
542
S. N. Jimenez-Garcia et al.