Galehassadi M, Rezaii E, Najavand S, Mahkam M, Mohammadzadeh Gheshlaghi N (2014)
Isolation of carvacol from Origanum vulgare, synthesis of some organosilicon derivatives, and
investigating of its antioxidant, antibacterial activities. Standard Scientific Research and Essays
2(9):438–450
Gholijani N, Gharagozloo M, Kalantar F, Ramezani A, Amirghofran Z (2015) Modulation of
cytokine production and transcription factors activities in human Jurkat T cells by thymol and
carvacrol. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 5:653–660
Ghorani V, Boskabady M, Boskabady MH (2019) Effect of carvacrol on pulmonary function tests,
and total and differential white blood cell counts in healthy volunteers: A randomized clinical
trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 9(2):134–142
Günes-Bayir A, Kiziltan HS, Kocyigit A, Güler EM, Karataş E, Toprak A (2017) Effects of natural
phenolic compound carvacrol on the human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro.
Anticancer Drugs 28:522–530
Günes-Bayir A, Kocyigit A, Güler EM, Bilgin MG, Ergün İS, Dadak A (2018a) Effects of
carvacrol on human fibroblast (WS-1) and gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro and on
Wistar rats in vivo. Mol Cell Biochem 448:237249
Günes-Bayir A, Kocyigit A, Güler EM (2018b) In vitro effects of two major phenolic compounds
from the family Lamiaceae plants on the human gastric carcinoma cells. Toxicol Ind Health
34:525–539
Han F, Ma GQ, Yang M, Yan L, Xiong W, Shu JC, Zhao ZD, Xu HL (2017) Chemical
composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils from different parts of the oregano.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 18(1):79–84
Hayatgheib N, Fournel C, Calvez S, Pouliquen H, Moreau E (2020) In vitro antimicrobial effect of
various commercial essential oils and their chemical constituents on Aeromonas salmonicida
subsp. Salmonicida. J Appli Microbio 129:137–145
He L, Mo H, Hadisusilo S, Qureshi AA, Elson CE (1997) Isoprenoids suppress the growth of
murine B16 melanomas in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr 127:668–674
Jamroz D, Wertelecki T, Houszka M, Kamel C (2006) Influence of diet type on the inclusion of
plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the
stomach and jejunum walls in chicken. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 90:255–268
Jenner PM, Hagan EC, Taylor JM, Cook EL, Fitzhugh OG (1964) Food flavourings and
compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity, Food and Cosm Toxico. 2:327–343
Jennings W, Shibamoto T (1980) Qualitative analysis of flavor and fragrance volatiles by glass
capillary gas chromatography. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA
Karimian P, Kavoosi G, Saharkhiz MJ (2011) Antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging and
malondialdehyde scavenging activities of essential oils from different chemotypes of Zataria
multiflora, Nat. Prod. Res. 1–4
Khan F, Khan I, Farooqui A, Ansari IA (2017) Carvacrol induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)mediated apoptosis along with cell cycle arrest at G 0 /G 1 in human prostate cancer cells. Nutr
Cancer 69:1075–1087
Khan I, Bahuguna A, Shukla S, Aziz F, Chauhan AK, Ansari MB, Bajpai VK, Huh YS, Kang
SC (2020) Antimicrobial potential of the food-grade additive carvacrol against uropathogenic
E. coli based on membrane depolarization, reactive oxygen species generation, and molecular
docking analysis, Microb Pathog. 142:104046
Kirimer N, Baer KHC, Tiimen G (1995) Carvacrol-rich plants in turkey. Chem. Nat.
Comp. 31:49–54
Knowles J, Roller S (2001) Efficacy of chitosan, carvacrol, and a hydrogen peroxide based biocide
against food borne microorganisms in suspension and adhered to stainless steel. J Food Prot
64:1542–1548
Koparal AT, Zeytinoglu M (2003) Effects of carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) cell line, A549. Cytotechnology 43:149–154
Lambert RJW, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJE (2001) A study of the minimum inhibitory
concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl
Microbiol 91:453–462
13 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare): Therapeutic Properties …
459
Isolation of carvacol from Origanum vulgare, synthesis of some organosilicon derivatives, and
investigating of its antioxidant, antibacterial activities. Standard Scientific Research and Essays
2(9):438–450
Gholijani N, Gharagozloo M, Kalantar F, Ramezani A, Amirghofran Z (2015) Modulation of
cytokine production and transcription factors activities in human Jurkat T cells by thymol and
carvacrol. Adv. Pharm. Bull. 5:653–660
Ghorani V, Boskabady M, Boskabady MH (2019) Effect of carvacrol on pulmonary function tests,
and total and differential white blood cell counts in healthy volunteers: A randomized clinical
trial. Avicenna J Phytomed. 9(2):134–142
Günes-Bayir A, Kiziltan HS, Kocyigit A, Güler EM, Karataş E, Toprak A (2017) Effects of natural
phenolic compound carvacrol on the human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro.
Anticancer Drugs 28:522–530
Günes-Bayir A, Kocyigit A, Güler EM, Bilgin MG, Ergün İS, Dadak A (2018a) Effects of
carvacrol on human fibroblast (WS-1) and gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells in vitro and on
Wistar rats in vivo. Mol Cell Biochem 448:237249
Günes-Bayir A, Kocyigit A, Güler EM (2018b) In vitro effects of two major phenolic compounds
from the family Lamiaceae plants on the human gastric carcinoma cells. Toxicol Ind Health
34:525–539
Han F, Ma GQ, Yang M, Yan L, Xiong W, Shu JC, Zhao ZD, Xu HL (2017) Chemical
composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils from different parts of the oregano.
J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 18(1):79–84
Hayatgheib N, Fournel C, Calvez S, Pouliquen H, Moreau E (2020) In vitro antimicrobial effect of
various commercial essential oils and their chemical constituents on Aeromonas salmonicida
subsp. Salmonicida. J Appli Microbio 129:137–145
He L, Mo H, Hadisusilo S, Qureshi AA, Elson CE (1997) Isoprenoids suppress the growth of
murine B16 melanomas in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr 127:668–674
Jamroz D, Wertelecki T, Houszka M, Kamel C (2006) Influence of diet type on the inclusion of
plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the
stomach and jejunum walls in chicken. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 90:255–268
Jenner PM, Hagan EC, Taylor JM, Cook EL, Fitzhugh OG (1964) Food flavourings and
compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity, Food and Cosm Toxico. 2:327–343
Jennings W, Shibamoto T (1980) Qualitative analysis of flavor and fragrance volatiles by glass
capillary gas chromatography. Academic Press, Cambridge, MA
Karimian P, Kavoosi G, Saharkhiz MJ (2011) Antioxidant, nitric oxide scavenging and
malondialdehyde scavenging activities of essential oils from different chemotypes of Zataria
multiflora, Nat. Prod. Res. 1–4
Khan F, Khan I, Farooqui A, Ansari IA (2017) Carvacrol induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)mediated apoptosis along with cell cycle arrest at G 0 /G 1 in human prostate cancer cells. Nutr
Cancer 69:1075–1087
Khan I, Bahuguna A, Shukla S, Aziz F, Chauhan AK, Ansari MB, Bajpai VK, Huh YS, Kang
SC (2020) Antimicrobial potential of the food-grade additive carvacrol against uropathogenic
E. coli based on membrane depolarization, reactive oxygen species generation, and molecular
docking analysis, Microb Pathog. 142:104046
Kirimer N, Baer KHC, Tiimen G (1995) Carvacrol-rich plants in turkey. Chem. Nat.
Comp. 31:49–54
Knowles J, Roller S (2001) Efficacy of chitosan, carvacrol, and a hydrogen peroxide based biocide
against food borne microorganisms in suspension and adhered to stainless steel. J Food Prot
64:1542–1548
Koparal AT, Zeytinoglu M (2003) Effects of carvacrol on a human non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) cell line, A549. Cytotechnology 43:149–154
Lambert RJW, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, Nychas GJE (2001) A study of the minimum inhibitory
concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appl
Microbiol 91:453–462
13 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare): Therapeutic Properties …
459