Can BK (2008) Biological and pharmacological activities of carvacrol and carvacrol bearing
essential oils. Curr Pharm Des 14:3106–3120
Chami N, Chami F, Bennis S, Trouillas J, Remmal A (2004) Antifungal treatment with carvacrol
and eugenol of oral candidiasis in immune-suppressed rats. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 8:217–226
Chraibi M, Farah A, Elamin O, Iraqui HM, Fikri-Benbrahim K (2020) Characterization,
antioxidant, antimycobacterial, antimicrobial effcts of Moroccan rosemary essential oil, and its
synergistic antimicrobial potential with carvacrol. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 11(1):25–29
Cox SD, Markham JL (2007) Susceptibility and intrinsic tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to
selected plant volatile compounds. J Appl Microbiol 103:930–936
Crocoll C, Asbach J, Novak J, Gershenzon J, Degenhardt J (2010) Terpene synthases of oregano
(Origanum vulgare L.) and their roles in the pathway and regulation of terpene biosynthesis.
Plant Mol Biol 73:587–603
Crocoll C (2011) Biosynthesis of the phenolic monoterpenes, thymol and carvacrol, by terpene
synthases and cytochrome P450s in oregano and thyme, PhD Dissertation. Germany
Dai W, Sun C, Huang S, Zhou Q (2016) Carvacrol suppresses proliferation and invasion in human
oral squamous cell carcinoma. OncoTargets and Therapy. 9:2297–2304
Deng W, Lu H, Teng J (2013) Carvacrol attenuates diabetes-associated cognitive deficits in rats.
J Mol Neurosci 51(3):813–9
De Oliveira AS, Llanes LC, Brighente IMC, Nunes RJ, Yunes RA, Junior NM, Baumgart AMK,
Aust AN, Cruz AB (2016) New sulfonamides derived from carvacrol: compounds with high
antibacterial activity against resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Biosci Med. 4:105–114
Dhifi W, Bellili S, Jazi S, Bahloul N, Mnif W (2016) Essential oils’ chemical characterization and
investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines (Basel). 3(4):25
Dong RH, Fang ZZ, Zhu LL, Ge GB, Yang L, Liu ZY (2012) Identification of
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation of
phytochemical carvacrol. Xenobiotica 42:1009–1016
Dudareva N, Andersson S, Orlova I, Gatto N, Reichelt M, Rhodes D, Boland W, Gershenzon J
(2005) The nonmevalonate pathway supports both monoterpene and sesquiterpene formation in
snapdragon flowers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:933–938
Elbe H, Yigitturk G, Cavusoglu T, Baygar T, OzgulOnal M, Ozturk F (2020) Comparison of
ultrastructural changes and the anticarcinogenic effects of thymol and carvacrol on ovarian
cancer cells: which is more effective? Ultrastruct Pathol.1–10
European Commission (2012) Commission Implimenting Regulation (EU) No 872/2012 of 1
October 2012 adopting the list of flavouring substances provided for by regulation (EC) No
2232/96 of the European parliament and of the council, introducing it in Annex I to Regulation
(EC) No 1334. Off J Eur Union L 267:161
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare of the Council (2016) Guidance
on Essential Oils in Cosmetic Products. Springer, New York, NY
Fan K, Li X, Cao Y, Qi H, Li L, Zhang Q, Sun H (2015) Carvacrol inhibits proliferation and
induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 26:813–823
Fang S, Zhou Q, Hu Y, Liu F, Mei J, Xie J (2019) Antimicrobial carvacrol incorporated in flaxseed
gum-sodium alginate active films to improve the quality attributes of Chinese sea bass
(Lateolabrax maculatus) during cold storage. Molecules 24:3–17
FDA (2017) CFR-Code of federal regulations title 21 3: 25–26
Friedman M (2014) Chemistry and multibeneficial bioactivities of carvacrol (4-Isopropyl-2
methylphenol), a component of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and spices. J Agric
Food Chem 62(31):7652–7670
Friedman M, Buick R, Elliott CT (2004) Antibacterial activities of naturally occurring compounds
against antibiotic resistant Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores, Escherichia coli, and
Staphylococcus aureus. J Food Prot 67:1774–1778
Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE (2002) Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and
some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot 65:1545–1560
458
A. Mondal et al.
essential oils. Curr Pharm Des 14:3106–3120
Chami N, Chami F, Bennis S, Trouillas J, Remmal A (2004) Antifungal treatment with carvacrol
and eugenol of oral candidiasis in immune-suppressed rats. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 8:217–226
Chraibi M, Farah A, Elamin O, Iraqui HM, Fikri-Benbrahim K (2020) Characterization,
antioxidant, antimycobacterial, antimicrobial effcts of Moroccan rosemary essential oil, and its
synergistic antimicrobial potential with carvacrol. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 11(1):25–29
Cox SD, Markham JL (2007) Susceptibility and intrinsic tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to
selected plant volatile compounds. J Appl Microbiol 103:930–936
Crocoll C, Asbach J, Novak J, Gershenzon J, Degenhardt J (2010) Terpene synthases of oregano
(Origanum vulgare L.) and their roles in the pathway and regulation of terpene biosynthesis.
Plant Mol Biol 73:587–603
Crocoll C (2011) Biosynthesis of the phenolic monoterpenes, thymol and carvacrol, by terpene
synthases and cytochrome P450s in oregano and thyme, PhD Dissertation. Germany
Dai W, Sun C, Huang S, Zhou Q (2016) Carvacrol suppresses proliferation and invasion in human
oral squamous cell carcinoma. OncoTargets and Therapy. 9:2297–2304
Deng W, Lu H, Teng J (2013) Carvacrol attenuates diabetes-associated cognitive deficits in rats.
J Mol Neurosci 51(3):813–9
De Oliveira AS, Llanes LC, Brighente IMC, Nunes RJ, Yunes RA, Junior NM, Baumgart AMK,
Aust AN, Cruz AB (2016) New sulfonamides derived from carvacrol: compounds with high
antibacterial activity against resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Biosci Med. 4:105–114
Dhifi W, Bellili S, Jazi S, Bahloul N, Mnif W (2016) Essential oils’ chemical characterization and
investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines (Basel). 3(4):25
Dong RH, Fang ZZ, Zhu LL, Ge GB, Yang L, Liu ZY (2012) Identification of
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms involved in hepatic and intestinal glucuronidation of
phytochemical carvacrol. Xenobiotica 42:1009–1016
Dudareva N, Andersson S, Orlova I, Gatto N, Reichelt M, Rhodes D, Boland W, Gershenzon J
(2005) The nonmevalonate pathway supports both monoterpene and sesquiterpene formation in
snapdragon flowers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:933–938
Elbe H, Yigitturk G, Cavusoglu T, Baygar T, OzgulOnal M, Ozturk F (2020) Comparison of
ultrastructural changes and the anticarcinogenic effects of thymol and carvacrol on ovarian
cancer cells: which is more effective? Ultrastruct Pathol.1–10
European Commission (2012) Commission Implimenting Regulation (EU) No 872/2012 of 1
October 2012 adopting the list of flavouring substances provided for by regulation (EC) No
2232/96 of the European parliament and of the council, introducing it in Annex I to Regulation
(EC) No 1334. Off J Eur Union L 267:161
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare of the Council (2016) Guidance
on Essential Oils in Cosmetic Products. Springer, New York, NY
Fan K, Li X, Cao Y, Qi H, Li L, Zhang Q, Sun H (2015) Carvacrol inhibits proliferation and
induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 26:813–823
Fang S, Zhou Q, Hu Y, Liu F, Mei J, Xie J (2019) Antimicrobial carvacrol incorporated in flaxseed
gum-sodium alginate active films to improve the quality attributes of Chinese sea bass
(Lateolabrax maculatus) during cold storage. Molecules 24:3–17
FDA (2017) CFR-Code of federal regulations title 21 3: 25–26
Friedman M (2014) Chemistry and multibeneficial bioactivities of carvacrol (4-Isopropyl-2
methylphenol), a component of essential oils produced by aromatic plants and spices. J Agric
Food Chem 62(31):7652–7670
Friedman M, Buick R, Elliott CT (2004) Antibacterial activities of naturally occurring compounds
against antibiotic resistant Bacillus cereus vegetative cells and spores, Escherichia coli, and
Staphylococcus aureus. J Food Prot 67:1774–1778
Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE (2002) Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and
some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria
monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot 65:1545–1560
458
A. Mondal et al.