Landa P, Kokoska L, Pribylova M, Vanek T, Marsik P (2009) In vitro anti-inflammatory activity
of carvacrol: Inhibitory effect on COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin E2 biosynthesisb. Arch.
Pharm. Res. 32:75–78
Laothaweerungsawat N, Neimkhum W, Anuchapreeda S, Sirithunyalug J, Chaiyana W (2019)
Transdermal delivery enhancement of carvacrol from Origanum vulgare L. essential oil by
microemulsion, Mini Rev Med Chem. 19(11): 923–932
Lichtenthaler HK (1999) The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50:47–65
Lim W, Ham J, Bazer FW, Song G (2019) Carvacrol induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via
disruption of calcium homeostasis in human choriocarcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 234:1803–
1815
Liolios CC, Gortzi O, Lalas S, Tsaknis J, Chinou I (2009) Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol
and thymol isolated from the essential oil of Origanum dictamnus L. and in vitro antimicrobial
activity. Food Chem 112:77–83
Livingston AE (1921) The comparative toxicity of thymol and carvacrol (isothymol).
J. Pharmacol. 17:261–275
Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Puerto M, Pichardo S, Jos Á, Cameán AM (2015) In
vitro pro-oxidant/antioxidant role of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture in the intestinal
Caco-2 cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 29:647–656
Luo Y, Wu JY, Lu MH, Shi Z, Na N, Di JM (2016) Carvacrol alleviates prostate cancer cell
proliferation, migration, and invasion through regulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling
pathways, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 1–11
Lupo JAT, Nakatsu T, Caldwell J, Kang RKL, Cilia AT, Van Loveren AG, Villamaria L (2000)
Substituted phenols as fragrance, flavor and antimicrobial compounds.US Patent no.
US6110888
Majdi M, Mashhady AM, Maroufi A, Crocoll C (2017) Tissue-specific gene-expression patterns of
genes associated with thymol/carvacrol biosynthesis in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their
differential changes upon treatment with abiotic elicitors. Plant Physiol Biochem 115:152–162
Marinelli L, Di Stefano A, Cacciatore I (2018) Carvacrol and its derivatives as antibacterial agents.
Phytochem Rev 17(4):903–921
Marino A, Nostro A, Mandras N, Roana J, Ginestra G, Miceli N, Taviano MF, Gelmini F,
Beretta G, Tullio V (2020) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the hydrolate of
Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichenb. fil. (Lamiaceae) alone and in combination with
antimicrobial agents. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 20:1–11
Mathela CS, Singh KK, Gupta VK (2010) Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of thymol
and carvacrol derivatives. Acta. Pol. Pharm. Drug Res. 67:375–380
Mayr E (1961) Cause and Effect in Biology. Science 134:1501–1506
Mehdi SJ, Ahmad A, Irshad M, Manzoor N, Rizvi MMA (2011) Cytotoxic effect of carvacrol on
human cervical cancer cells. Bio and Med. 3:307–312
Mehrjerdi ZF, Niknazar S, Yadegari M, Akbari FA, Pirmoradi Z, Khaksari M (2020) Carvacrol
reduces hippocampal cell death and improves learning and memory deficits following
lead-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidant activity. In press, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives
of Pharmacology
Melušová M, Jantová S, Horváthová E (2014) Carvacrol and rosemary oil at higher concentrations
induce apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 7:189–194
Menniti AM, Gregori R, Neri F (2010) Activity of natural compounds on Fusarium verticillioides
and fumonisin production in stored maize kernels. Int J Food Microbiol 136:304–309
Michiels J, Missotten J, Dierick N, Fremaut D, Maene P, De Smet S (2008) In vitro degradation
and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde along the
gastrointestinal tract of piglets. J Sci Food Agric 88:2371–2381
Mohammad YM, Parisa R, Naser A, Aghdam A, Kafil M, Samadi H (2017) Carvacrol and thymol:
strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 28(2):63–68
Nikumbh VP, Tare VS, Mahulikar PP (2003) Eco-friendly pest management using
monoterpenoids-III: antibacterial efficacy of carvacrol derivatives. J Sci Ind Res 62:1086–1089
460
A. Mondal et al.
of carvacrol: Inhibitory effect on COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin E2 biosynthesisb. Arch.
Pharm. Res. 32:75–78
Laothaweerungsawat N, Neimkhum W, Anuchapreeda S, Sirithunyalug J, Chaiyana W (2019)
Transdermal delivery enhancement of carvacrol from Origanum vulgare L. essential oil by
microemulsion, Mini Rev Med Chem. 19(11): 923–932
Lichtenthaler HK (1999) The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 50:47–65
Lim W, Ham J, Bazer FW, Song G (2019) Carvacrol induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via
disruption of calcium homeostasis in human choriocarcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 234:1803–
1815
Liolios CC, Gortzi O, Lalas S, Tsaknis J, Chinou I (2009) Liposomal incorporation of carvacrol
and thymol isolated from the essential oil of Origanum dictamnus L. and in vitro antimicrobial
activity. Food Chem 112:77–83
Livingston AE (1921) The comparative toxicity of thymol and carvacrol (isothymol).
J. Pharmacol. 17:261–275
Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Puerto M, Pichardo S, Jos Á, Cameán AM (2015) In
vitro pro-oxidant/antioxidant role of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture in the intestinal
Caco-2 cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 29:647–656
Luo Y, Wu JY, Lu MH, Shi Z, Na N, Di JM (2016) Carvacrol alleviates prostate cancer cell
proliferation, migration, and invasion through regulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling
pathways, Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 1–11
Lupo JAT, Nakatsu T, Caldwell J, Kang RKL, Cilia AT, Van Loveren AG, Villamaria L (2000)
Substituted phenols as fragrance, flavor and antimicrobial compounds.US Patent no.
US6110888
Majdi M, Mashhady AM, Maroufi A, Crocoll C (2017) Tissue-specific gene-expression patterns of
genes associated with thymol/carvacrol biosynthesis in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and their
differential changes upon treatment with abiotic elicitors. Plant Physiol Biochem 115:152–162
Marinelli L, Di Stefano A, Cacciatore I (2018) Carvacrol and its derivatives as antibacterial agents.
Phytochem Rev 17(4):903–921
Marino A, Nostro A, Mandras N, Roana J, Ginestra G, Miceli N, Taviano MF, Gelmini F,
Beretta G, Tullio V (2020) Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the hydrolate of
Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichenb. fil. (Lamiaceae) alone and in combination with
antimicrobial agents. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 20:1–11
Mathela CS, Singh KK, Gupta VK (2010) Synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of thymol
and carvacrol derivatives. Acta. Pol. Pharm. Drug Res. 67:375–380
Mayr E (1961) Cause and Effect in Biology. Science 134:1501–1506
Mehdi SJ, Ahmad A, Irshad M, Manzoor N, Rizvi MMA (2011) Cytotoxic effect of carvacrol on
human cervical cancer cells. Bio and Med. 3:307–312
Mehrjerdi ZF, Niknazar S, Yadegari M, Akbari FA, Pirmoradi Z, Khaksari M (2020) Carvacrol
reduces hippocampal cell death and improves learning and memory deficits following
lead-induced neurotoxicity via antioxidant activity. In press, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives
of Pharmacology
Melušová M, Jantová S, Horváthová E (2014) Carvacrol and rosemary oil at higher concentrations
induce apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Interdiscip. Toxicol. 7:189–194
Menniti AM, Gregori R, Neri F (2010) Activity of natural compounds on Fusarium verticillioides
and fumonisin production in stored maize kernels. Int J Food Microbiol 136:304–309
Michiels J, Missotten J, Dierick N, Fremaut D, Maene P, De Smet S (2008) In vitro degradation
and in vivo passage kinetics of carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde along the
gastrointestinal tract of piglets. J Sci Food Agric 88:2371–2381
Mohammad YM, Parisa R, Naser A, Aghdam A, Kafil M, Samadi H (2017) Carvacrol and thymol:
strong antimicrobial agents against resistant isolates. Rev. Med. Microbiol. 28(2):63–68
Nikumbh VP, Tare VS, Mahulikar PP (2003) Eco-friendly pest management using
monoterpenoids-III: antibacterial efficacy of carvacrol derivatives. J Sci Ind Res 62:1086–1089
460
A. Mondal et al.