13.10 Anticancer Effect of Carvacrol and the Related
Mechanism of Actions
Carvacrol extracted from various medicinal plants showed potent cytotoxic activities against various carcinoma cell lines by inducing apoptosis through the influence of numerous proteins associated with the apoptotic pathway, MAPK pathway,
and PI3K/Akt pathway as shown in Table 13.3. It inhibited the proliferation of two
Table 13.2 (continued)
Sl no
Organism
Antimicrobial activity
Reference
8
Bottytis cinerea
Monllinla fmcticokz
MIC100 µg/mL
MIC100 µg/mL
Tsao and
Zhou, (2000)
9
Aspergillus niger PTCC 5154
Aspergillus fumigatus PTCC
5009
Aspergillus flavus PTCC 5004
Aspergillus ochraceus PTCC
5017
Alternaria alternate PTCC
5224
Botrytis cinerea ATCC 12481
Cladosporium spp. PTCC
5202, Penicillium citrinum
PTCC 5304
Penicillium chrysogenum
PTCC 5271
Fusarium oxysporum PTCC
5115
Rhizopus oryzae PTCC 5174
MIC-50 µg/mL,MIF -75 µg/mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL
MIC-350 µg/mL,MIF -400 µg/
mL
MIC-300 µg/mL,MIF -350 µg/
mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL MIC-150 µg/mL,MIF -
175 µg/mL
MIC-125 µg/mL,MIF -150 µg/
mL
MIC-125 µg/mL,MIF -150 µg/
mL
MIC-200 µg/mL,MIF -250 µg/
mL
Abbaszadeh
et al. (2014)
10
Candida albicans
# Colony forming units
(CFU) 94.46%
Chami et al.
(2004)
11
Staphylococcus
pseudintermedius
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus mirabilis
Malassezia pachydermatis
MIC- 146–292 µg/ml
MIC- 585–1120 µg/ml
MIC- 146–292 µg/ml
MIC- 585 µg/ml
Sim et al.
(2019)
12
Vibrio parahemolyticus,
Shewanella putrefaciens,
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas fluorescens
MIC-0.5 mg/ml
MIC-0.5 mg/ml
MIC-0.125 mg/ml
MIC-0.5 mg/ml
(Fang et al.
2019)
13
Bacillus subtilis
MIC-0.125% v/v
Chraibi et al.
2020
14
Escherichia coli
MIC-150 µg/ml
Minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC)-300 µg/ml
Khan et al.
2020
13 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare): Therapeutic Properties …
447
Mechanism of Actions
Carvacrol extracted from various medicinal plants showed potent cytotoxic activities against various carcinoma cell lines by inducing apoptosis through the influence of numerous proteins associated with the apoptotic pathway, MAPK pathway,
and PI3K/Akt pathway as shown in Table 13.3. It inhibited the proliferation of two
Table 13.2 (continued)
Sl no
Organism
Antimicrobial activity
Reference
8
Bottytis cinerea
Monllinla fmcticokz
MIC100 µg/mL
MIC100 µg/mL
Tsao and
Zhou, (2000)
9
Aspergillus niger PTCC 5154
Aspergillus fumigatus PTCC
5009
Aspergillus flavus PTCC 5004
Aspergillus ochraceus PTCC
5017
Alternaria alternate PTCC
5224
Botrytis cinerea ATCC 12481
Cladosporium spp. PTCC
5202, Penicillium citrinum
PTCC 5304
Penicillium chrysogenum
PTCC 5271
Fusarium oxysporum PTCC
5115
Rhizopus oryzae PTCC 5174
MIC-50 µg/mL,MIF -75 µg/mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL
MIC-350 µg/mL,MIF -400 µg/
mL
MIC-300 µg/mL,MIF -350 µg/
mL
MIC-100 µg/mL,MIF -125 µg/
mL MIC-150 µg/mL,MIF -
175 µg/mL
MIC-125 µg/mL,MIF -150 µg/
mL
MIC-125 µg/mL,MIF -150 µg/
mL
MIC-200 µg/mL,MIF -250 µg/
mL
Abbaszadeh
et al. (2014)
10
Candida albicans
# Colony forming units
(CFU) 94.46%
Chami et al.
(2004)
11
Staphylococcus
pseudintermedius
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteus mirabilis
Malassezia pachydermatis
MIC- 146–292 µg/ml
MIC- 585–1120 µg/ml
MIC- 146–292 µg/ml
MIC- 585 µg/ml
Sim et al.
(2019)
12
Vibrio parahemolyticus,
Shewanella putrefaciens,
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas fluorescens
MIC-0.5 mg/ml
MIC-0.5 mg/ml
MIC-0.125 mg/ml
MIC-0.5 mg/ml
(Fang et al.
2019)
13
Bacillus subtilis
MIC-0.125% v/v
Chraibi et al.
2020
14
Escherichia coli
MIC-150 µg/ml
Minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC)-300 µg/ml
Khan et al.
2020
13 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare): Therapeutic Properties …
447