bacteria revealed that there was complete inhibition of Escherichia coli, but in case
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it was completely resistant side by side to the other
film formed by the bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermis, the destruction was 50%
with the concentration 0.25 mg/ml (Singh et al. 2017).
12.4.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively used for their application in the
delivery of antimicrobials. Length of CNTs potentially affect their antimicrobial
potential, the shorter length of CNTs shows more bactericidal performance. The
open end such type of the CNTs interacts with microorganisms and disrupts the cell
membrane. Antimicrobial activity can be improved by functionalizing with
chemical groups or by coating with metallic NPs (Al-Jumaili et al. 2017; Prajapati
et al. 2020). The antimicrobial application potential of CNTs generally hinges on
numerous operational circumstances such as temperature, pH, retention time, and
solvent (Kassem et al. 2019). Curcumin was delivered by another bio-nano composite system that was prepared and modified by Chegeni et al. (2020). They had
firstly modified the calcium alginate single-walled CNTs which was modified with
the surface by glucose. This carrier was proved to be best in carbon nanotube carrier
due to its maximum therapeutic activity and minimum undesirable effect or toxicity.
The antimicrobial pattern of this modified CNTs loaded with curcumin was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Though, inhibition zone diameter showed that the curcumin loaded CNTs were more effective in comparison to
the curcumin alone (Chegeni et al. 2020).
12.4.4.4 Polymeric Micelles
It is a new class of vehicles to deliver poorly soluble drugs which can be modified
according to the need (Khan et al. 2018). Therefore, Margaritova et al. (2019)
prepared the modified copolymeric micelle based on Pluronic (P123 and F127)
having alkylphosphacoline with curcumin to investigate the synergistic antibacterial
effect against Staphylococcus aureus strain and it was seen that 1:1 ratio of P123/
F127 was enhanced dramatically (Margaritova et al. 2019). In another study, Huang
et al. (2017) prepared silver decorated polymeric micelle tethered with curcumin
encapsulated into poly(e-caprolactone) through hydrophobic interaction and it was
tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus
(gram-positive) and the antibacterial activity was very good and it was observed
that there was a synergistic effect with the inhibition of bacteria when curcumin was
incorporated with the silver decorated micelles in comparison to the micelles
without curcumin (Huang et al. 2017). Mixed polymeric micelles were developed
by Akbar et al. (2018) to compare the antimicrobial efficacy between micellar
formulation and curcumin alone. The found results proposed that curcumin loaded
micelles had significant inhibitory activity toward bacteria and fungi compared to
12 Antimicrobial Application Potential …
427
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it was completely resistant side by side to the other
film formed by the bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermis, the destruction was 50%
with the concentration 0.25 mg/ml (Singh et al. 2017).
12.4.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively used for their application in the
delivery of antimicrobials. Length of CNTs potentially affect their antimicrobial
potential, the shorter length of CNTs shows more bactericidal performance. The
open end such type of the CNTs interacts with microorganisms and disrupts the cell
membrane. Antimicrobial activity can be improved by functionalizing with
chemical groups or by coating with metallic NPs (Al-Jumaili et al. 2017; Prajapati
et al. 2020). The antimicrobial application potential of CNTs generally hinges on
numerous operational circumstances such as temperature, pH, retention time, and
solvent (Kassem et al. 2019). Curcumin was delivered by another bio-nano composite system that was prepared and modified by Chegeni et al. (2020). They had
firstly modified the calcium alginate single-walled CNTs which was modified with
the surface by glucose. This carrier was proved to be best in carbon nanotube carrier
due to its maximum therapeutic activity and minimum undesirable effect or toxicity.
The antimicrobial pattern of this modified CNTs loaded with curcumin was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. Though, inhibition zone diameter showed that the curcumin loaded CNTs were more effective in comparison to
the curcumin alone (Chegeni et al. 2020).
12.4.4.4 Polymeric Micelles
It is a new class of vehicles to deliver poorly soluble drugs which can be modified
according to the need (Khan et al. 2018). Therefore, Margaritova et al. (2019)
prepared the modified copolymeric micelle based on Pluronic (P123 and F127)
having alkylphosphacoline with curcumin to investigate the synergistic antibacterial
effect against Staphylococcus aureus strain and it was seen that 1:1 ratio of P123/
F127 was enhanced dramatically (Margaritova et al. 2019). In another study, Huang
et al. (2017) prepared silver decorated polymeric micelle tethered with curcumin
encapsulated into poly(e-caprolactone) through hydrophobic interaction and it was
tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus
(gram-positive) and the antibacterial activity was very good and it was observed
that there was a synergistic effect with the inhibition of bacteria when curcumin was
incorporated with the silver decorated micelles in comparison to the micelles
without curcumin (Huang et al. 2017). Mixed polymeric micelles were developed
by Akbar et al. (2018) to compare the antimicrobial efficacy between micellar
formulation and curcumin alone. The found results proposed that curcumin loaded
micelles had significant inhibitory activity toward bacteria and fungi compared to
12 Antimicrobial Application Potential …
427