micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Candida albicans. They found that curcumin
loaded chitosan silver nanocomposite having very remarkable potential to inhibit the
growth of bacterial colonies as compared to other blank NPs and pure curcumin and
this rapid inhibition was noticed for 7 h (Vimala et al. 2011).
12.4.4.1 Nanohydrogels
The need for hydrogel is due to the targeted delivery of the compound and many
more like preserving the activity improvement in the stability taste masking of the
compound and enhances patient compliance. So that delivery of curcumin with
hydrogel was also needed to enhance the biocompatibility. Milk protein is a
macronutrient. Bourbon et al. (2016) reported lactoferrin encapsulated glycomacropeptide nanohydrogels loaded with curcumin and caffeine to find its
antimicrobial property against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the
disc agar diffusion test and they found that the lactoferrin encapsulated curcumin
showed a significant increase in antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05). The prepared
hydrogel containing curcumin and caffeine was found to release them based on pH,
the first release at pH 2 was relaxation dependent and at pH 7 it followed Fick’s
diffusion (Bourbon et al. 2016). In another study, Ravindra et al. (2012) slightly
modified curcumin loaded silver hydrogel nanocomposite by redox
co-polymerization method, and the antibacterial activity on nutrient agar medium
was noted excellent due to presence of curcumin which extremely inhibited
Escherichia coli in comparison to the plain hydrogel without curcumin (Ravindra
et al. 2012). Archana et al. (2015) prepared curcumin loaded nano-cubosomal
hydrogel for topical delivery which was self-assembled with size 75.2 nm. They
found the antibacterial activity against Escherichiacoli and reported that the zone of
inhibition of cubosomes was significantly high, i.e., 16.20 ± 4.26 mm than pure
curcumin 11.36 ± 1.14 mm at 24 h (Archana et al. 2015).
12.4.4.2 Quantum Dots
Quantum dots (QDs) reveals size-dependent optical properties and could be the
nanomaterial of choice for the antimicrobial application. Under irradiation, QDs
produce free radicals, of which the quality and the type are regulated by their core
materials. It is well understood that the extra number of free radicals are destructive
to microbes (Ipe et al. 2005; Lu et al. 2008). The crucial role for antimicrobial
activity of QDs is considered to be reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Fig. 12.4). QDs
are usually targeted to the cell wall and cell membrane due to the availability of
phosphatidylglycerol and lipoteichoic acid (Manna et al. 2019). There are many
reports found that there is biofilm formed around the different strain of bacteria, so
to inhibit on a vast scale the QDs with the curcumin was prepared by Singh et al.
(2017) and it was having very good dispersion rate in water and its antibacterial
activity in contrast to the formation of biofilm on gram-positive and negative
426
S. K. Prajapati et al.
loaded chitosan silver nanocomposite having very remarkable potential to inhibit the
growth of bacterial colonies as compared to other blank NPs and pure curcumin and
this rapid inhibition was noticed for 7 h (Vimala et al. 2011).
12.4.4.1 Nanohydrogels
The need for hydrogel is due to the targeted delivery of the compound and many
more like preserving the activity improvement in the stability taste masking of the
compound and enhances patient compliance. So that delivery of curcumin with
hydrogel was also needed to enhance the biocompatibility. Milk protein is a
macronutrient. Bourbon et al. (2016) reported lactoferrin encapsulated glycomacropeptide nanohydrogels loaded with curcumin and caffeine to find its
antimicrobial property against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by the
disc agar diffusion test and they found that the lactoferrin encapsulated curcumin
showed a significant increase in antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05). The prepared
hydrogel containing curcumin and caffeine was found to release them based on pH,
the first release at pH 2 was relaxation dependent and at pH 7 it followed Fick’s
diffusion (Bourbon et al. 2016). In another study, Ravindra et al. (2012) slightly
modified curcumin loaded silver hydrogel nanocomposite by redox
co-polymerization method, and the antibacterial activity on nutrient agar medium
was noted excellent due to presence of curcumin which extremely inhibited
Escherichia coli in comparison to the plain hydrogel without curcumin (Ravindra
et al. 2012). Archana et al. (2015) prepared curcumin loaded nano-cubosomal
hydrogel for topical delivery which was self-assembled with size 75.2 nm. They
found the antibacterial activity against Escherichiacoli and reported that the zone of
inhibition of cubosomes was significantly high, i.e., 16.20 ± 4.26 mm than pure
curcumin 11.36 ± 1.14 mm at 24 h (Archana et al. 2015).
12.4.4.2 Quantum Dots
Quantum dots (QDs) reveals size-dependent optical properties and could be the
nanomaterial of choice for the antimicrobial application. Under irradiation, QDs
produce free radicals, of which the quality and the type are regulated by their core
materials. It is well understood that the extra number of free radicals are destructive
to microbes (Ipe et al. 2005; Lu et al. 2008). The crucial role for antimicrobial
activity of QDs is considered to be reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Fig. 12.4). QDs
are usually targeted to the cell wall and cell membrane due to the availability of
phosphatidylglycerol and lipoteichoic acid (Manna et al. 2019). There are many
reports found that there is biofilm formed around the different strain of bacteria, so
to inhibit on a vast scale the QDs with the curcumin was prepared by Singh et al.
(2017) and it was having very good dispersion rate in water and its antibacterial
activity in contrast to the formation of biofilm on gram-positive and negative
426
S. K. Prajapati et al.