etc. These nanocarriers not only reduce the dose but also enhance their targeting
potential including improvement of the solubility and stability (Bishnoi et al. 2014,
2020; Fahimirad and Hatami 2019; Jain et al. 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020; Jain and Jain
2016a, c, 2016; Kumari et al. 2018; Prajapati et al. 2019; Saraf et al. 2020; Verma
et al. 2020). Some potential applications are discussed here and tabulated in
Table 12.3. Many research groups were conducted with clinical trials to evaluate
their actual performance. The clinical trials were taken from the clinicaltrials.gov
(Table 12.4).
12.4.4 Nanoparticles
The NPs due to their smaller size, biocompatibility, and their easy modification has
shown its potential for antimicrobial, drug, gene, and vaccine delivery.
Biodegradable polymeric NPs have shown microbicidal activity (antifungal and
antibacterial efficacy, etc.) by reducing osmotic stability when interacted with
microbial cell and cytoplasm membrane (Landriscina et al. 2015; Prajapati et al.
2020). In this series, Bhawana et al. (2011) prepared the curcumin NPs with very
small size, freely soluble in water, and have very good antibacterial activity.
Therefore due to smaller size, it was penetrated within the cell wall and inhibited
more as compared to the pure. The TEM study revealed that the nano curcumin
invaded the cell by disrupting the cell wall and destroyed the bacterial cell (Bhawana
et al. 2011). Adahoun et al. (2017) prepared curcumin NPs by wet milling apparatus
and the prepared formulation was analyzed in vitro for antimicrobial activity on four
different bacterial strains two gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341,
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213), two gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC
25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) the result showed that the
NPs-containing curcumin was effective and safe toward a different type of bacterial
strain (Adahoun et al. 2017). dos Santos et al. (2016) reported the Polyethylene
glycol containing gold NPs loaded with curcumin and cell viability of different
strains of bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Klebsiella
pneumoniae was studied using broth dilution assay and the result was enchanting
that the percentage of inhibition was more than 80 percent with 32 mM of the
prepared formulation (dos Santos et al. 2016). In another study, Sharifi-Rad et al.
(2014) used allicin from garlic extract in combination with gold NPs and applied it
against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus spp. in the rat model. The
results proved that there was a synergistic effect of allicin with silver NPs and the
inhibition was more in combination as compared to the group treated separately
(Sharifi-Rad et al. 2014). Further, El-Refai et al. (2018) prepared different metallic
NPs like silver, copper, iron, and zinc and these are investigated against the different
microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans,
Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia. carotovora, and Proteus vulgaris and it was observed that
silver and zinc NPs with garlic extract were strongest bactericidal with inhibition
422
S. K. Prajapati et al.
potential including improvement of the solubility and stability (Bishnoi et al. 2014,
2020; Fahimirad and Hatami 2019; Jain et al. 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020; Jain and Jain
2016a, c, 2016; Kumari et al. 2018; Prajapati et al. 2019; Saraf et al. 2020; Verma
et al. 2020). Some potential applications are discussed here and tabulated in
Table 12.3. Many research groups were conducted with clinical trials to evaluate
their actual performance. The clinical trials were taken from the clinicaltrials.gov
(Table 12.4).
12.4.4 Nanoparticles
The NPs due to their smaller size, biocompatibility, and their easy modification has
shown its potential for antimicrobial, drug, gene, and vaccine delivery.
Biodegradable polymeric NPs have shown microbicidal activity (antifungal and
antibacterial efficacy, etc.) by reducing osmotic stability when interacted with
microbial cell and cytoplasm membrane (Landriscina et al. 2015; Prajapati et al.
2020). In this series, Bhawana et al. (2011) prepared the curcumin NPs with very
small size, freely soluble in water, and have very good antibacterial activity.
Therefore due to smaller size, it was penetrated within the cell wall and inhibited
more as compared to the pure. The TEM study revealed that the nano curcumin
invaded the cell by disrupting the cell wall and destroyed the bacterial cell (Bhawana
et al. 2011). Adahoun et al. (2017) prepared curcumin NPs by wet milling apparatus
and the prepared formulation was analyzed in vitro for antimicrobial activity on four
different bacterial strains two gram-positive (Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341,
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213), two gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC
25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) the result showed that the
NPs-containing curcumin was effective and safe toward a different type of bacterial
strain (Adahoun et al. 2017). dos Santos et al. (2016) reported the Polyethylene
glycol containing gold NPs loaded with curcumin and cell viability of different
strains of bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Klebsiella
pneumoniae was studied using broth dilution assay and the result was enchanting
that the percentage of inhibition was more than 80 percent with 32 mM of the
prepared formulation (dos Santos et al. 2016). In another study, Sharifi-Rad et al.
(2014) used allicin from garlic extract in combination with gold NPs and applied it
against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus spp. in the rat model. The
results proved that there was a synergistic effect of allicin with silver NPs and the
inhibition was more in combination as compared to the group treated separately
(Sharifi-Rad et al. 2014). Further, El-Refai et al. (2018) prepared different metallic
NPs like silver, copper, iron, and zinc and these are investigated against the different
microbes such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans,
Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia. carotovora, and Proteus vulgaris and it was observed that
silver and zinc NPs with garlic extract were strongest bactericidal with inhibition
422
S. K. Prajapati et al.