outcomes showed that relative water and chlorophyll contents were highest in
enough water condition and lowest with less water condition; the glutathione
peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were maximum less water
condition with A. chroococcum elicitated condition followed by A. brasilense and
its combination. Abscisic acid content, total phenolic content, total flavonoid
content, radical scavenging activities as well as presence of essential oils such as
1,8-cineloe, menthone and pulegone were maximum in case of less water condition
with A. chroococcum and A. brasilense combination; whereas piperitone was
maximum obtained with moderate water condition with A. chroococcum and A.
brasilense combination. So these data directly stated the importance of rhizobacteria on pennyroyal plant (Asghari et al. 2020).
1.4.2.2 Effect of Carrageenan on Secondary Metabolite Growth
in Chickpea and Maize Plant
Bi et al. scientifically proved the importance of carrageenan (polysaccharide) on the
growth of secondary metabolite present in chick pea and maize plants. The process
was started with formation of two types of elicitors as liquid carrageenan elicitor of
100 µg glucose concentration and solid carrageenan elicitor (mixer of hot aqueous
extract of carrageenan with soil). The treatment module had three types: (i) 50 ml of
liquid elicitor (ii) 5 g of solid elicitor (iii) 5 ml of liquid elicitor. These modules
were applied to both chickpea and maize plants. Plant height, number of pods/
branches/leaves per plant, and plant height, number of cobs per plant, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, days to flowering, secondary metabolite production were evaluated for maize plant. Maximum results were obtained from treatment
with 50 ml of liquid elicitor. So these data confirmed the importance of carrageenan
in liquid form for the growth and production of secondary metabolite present in
chickpea and maize plants (Bi et al. 2011).
1.4.2.3 Effect of Fungal Elicitor on Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
Activity in French Bean Cells
Bolwell et al. scientifically proved the importance of fungal pathogen obtained from
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum fungal pathogen on phenylalanine ammonia lyase
activity of cultured french bean cells. The experiment was started with treatment of
cultured french bean cells with calcium ionophore, calmodulin inhibitor (trifluroperazine), calcium channel blocker (verapamil), pertussis toxin, cholera toxin,
polyether antibiotic (monensin), labdane diterpene (forskolin), local anesthetic
(procaine), caffeine and fungal elicitor. The outcomes revealed that on the activity
of elicitor, caffeine and procaine had no direct effect whereas most effect on elicitation was observed with ionophore and most negative effect on elicitation was
observed with monensin (Bolwell et al. 1991).
1 Elicitor Signal Transduction Leading to the Production of Plant …
17
enough water condition and lowest with less water condition; the glutathione
peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were maximum less water
condition with A. chroococcum elicitated condition followed by A. brasilense and
its combination. Abscisic acid content, total phenolic content, total flavonoid
content, radical scavenging activities as well as presence of essential oils such as
1,8-cineloe, menthone and pulegone were maximum in case of less water condition
with A. chroococcum and A. brasilense combination; whereas piperitone was
maximum obtained with moderate water condition with A. chroococcum and A.
brasilense combination. So these data directly stated the importance of rhizobacteria on pennyroyal plant (Asghari et al. 2020).
1.4.2.2 Effect of Carrageenan on Secondary Metabolite Growth
in Chickpea and Maize Plant
Bi et al. scientifically proved the importance of carrageenan (polysaccharide) on the
growth of secondary metabolite present in chick pea and maize plants. The process
was started with formation of two types of elicitors as liquid carrageenan elicitor of
100 µg glucose concentration and solid carrageenan elicitor (mixer of hot aqueous
extract of carrageenan with soil). The treatment module had three types: (i) 50 ml of
liquid elicitor (ii) 5 g of solid elicitor (iii) 5 ml of liquid elicitor. These modules
were applied to both chickpea and maize plants. Plant height, number of pods/
branches/leaves per plant, and plant height, number of cobs per plant, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, days to flowering, secondary metabolite production were evaluated for maize plant. Maximum results were obtained from treatment
with 50 ml of liquid elicitor. So these data confirmed the importance of carrageenan
in liquid form for the growth and production of secondary metabolite present in
chickpea and maize plants (Bi et al. 2011).
1.4.2.3 Effect of Fungal Elicitor on Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
Activity in French Bean Cells
Bolwell et al. scientifically proved the importance of fungal pathogen obtained from
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum fungal pathogen on phenylalanine ammonia lyase
activity of cultured french bean cells. The experiment was started with treatment of
cultured french bean cells with calcium ionophore, calmodulin inhibitor (trifluroperazine), calcium channel blocker (verapamil), pertussis toxin, cholera toxin,
polyether antibiotic (monensin), labdane diterpene (forskolin), local anesthetic
(procaine), caffeine and fungal elicitor. The outcomes revealed that on the activity
of elicitor, caffeine and procaine had no direct effect whereas most effect on elicitation was observed with ionophore and most negative effect on elicitation was
observed with monensin (Bolwell et al. 1991).
1 Elicitor Signal Transduction Leading to the Production of Plant …
17