1.4.2.4 Effect of Endophytic Fungi on Secondary Metabolite
Accumulation in Rumex gmelini Turcz
Ding et al. scientifically proved the importance endophytic fungi (Aspergillus sp.,
Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp.) on the secondary metabolite accumulation of R.
gmelini Turcz plant. The experiment was started with the development of explant
using rhizomes of the plant in MS medium. After fifteen days, roots were
co-cultured with endophytic fungi with three concentration range (1000, 10,000 and
100,000 mL
−1 ) followed by measured the amount of secondary metabolites
(polydatin, resveratrol, chrysophaein, musizin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) accumulation. The outcomes revealed that Aspergillus sp. was used to
increase the production of resveratrol, chrysophaein, musizin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion whereas Fusarium sp. was used for polydatin. In case of
combination treatment, R. gmelini seedling cultured with three endophytic fungi
(Aspergillus sp. = 1000 mL
−1 ; Fusarium sp. = 10,000 mL
−1 and Ramularia
sp. = 100,000 mL
−1 ) for a period of 20 days created positive effects on polydatin,
resveratrol, chrysophaein, musizin, chrysophanol and physcion whereas productivity of emodin was increased many folds with combination of R. gmelini seedling
cultured with two endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp. = 1000 mL
−1
; Fusarium
sp. = 10,000 mL
−1 after 15 days of treatment. These data cumulatively stated the
importance of endophytic fungi on the production of secondary metabolites present
in R. gmelini (Ding et al. 2018).
1.4.2.5 Effect of Chitosan on Flavonoid Productivity in Isatis tinctoria
L. Hairy Root Cultures
Jiao et al. experimentally proved the importance of chitosan on the increased
production of flavonoid and antioxidative efficiency of Isatis tinctoria L. The
experiment was started with formation of hairy root of I. tinctoria in MS medium
with sucrose as principle constituent. After 24 days, chitosan in acetic acid (concentration = 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 mg/l) were added to hairy roots of the plant
followed by incubated for a period of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 h.
Total flavonoid content especially (rutin, neohesperidin, buddleoside, liquiritigenin,
quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and isoliquiritigenin) were checked after the
chitosan treatment. The outcomes revealed that total flavonoid content was
increased with increasing concentration of chitosan (upto 200 mg/l); incase of
400 mg/l chitosan, the productivity of total flavonoid was decreased. Among other
flavonoids, rutin, followed quercetin and isorhamnetin were highly expressed
(Fig. 1.6). Antioxidative efficiencies of elicited hairy root cultures of I. tinctoria
(150 mg/l) were good as compare to ascorbic acid (as per percent radical scavenging activity) and butylated hydroxytoluene (as per percent bleaching inhibition
activity). These data confirmed the effects of chitosan on I. tinctoria secondary
metabolite production (Jiao et al. 2018).
18
S. Saha and D. Pal
Accumulation in Rumex gmelini Turcz
Ding et al. scientifically proved the importance endophytic fungi (Aspergillus sp.,
Fusarium sp., and Ramularia sp.) on the secondary metabolite accumulation of R.
gmelini Turcz plant. The experiment was started with the development of explant
using rhizomes of the plant in MS medium. After fifteen days, roots were
co-cultured with endophytic fungi with three concentration range (1000, 10,000 and
100,000 mL
−1 ) followed by measured the amount of secondary metabolites
(polydatin, resveratrol, chrysophaein, musizin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) accumulation. The outcomes revealed that Aspergillus sp. was used to
increase the production of resveratrol, chrysophaein, musizin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion whereas Fusarium sp. was used for polydatin. In case of
combination treatment, R. gmelini seedling cultured with three endophytic fungi
(Aspergillus sp. = 1000 mL
−1 ; Fusarium sp. = 10,000 mL
−1 and Ramularia
sp. = 100,000 mL
−1 ) for a period of 20 days created positive effects on polydatin,
resveratrol, chrysophaein, musizin, chrysophanol and physcion whereas productivity of emodin was increased many folds with combination of R. gmelini seedling
cultured with two endophytic fungi Aspergillus sp. = 1000 mL
−1
; Fusarium
sp. = 10,000 mL
−1 after 15 days of treatment. These data cumulatively stated the
importance of endophytic fungi on the production of secondary metabolites present
in R. gmelini (Ding et al. 2018).
1.4.2.5 Effect of Chitosan on Flavonoid Productivity in Isatis tinctoria
L. Hairy Root Cultures
Jiao et al. experimentally proved the importance of chitosan on the increased
production of flavonoid and antioxidative efficiency of Isatis tinctoria L. The
experiment was started with formation of hairy root of I. tinctoria in MS medium
with sucrose as principle constituent. After 24 days, chitosan in acetic acid (concentration = 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400 mg/l) were added to hairy roots of the plant
followed by incubated for a period of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 h.
Total flavonoid content especially (rutin, neohesperidin, buddleoside, liquiritigenin,
quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and isoliquiritigenin) were checked after the
chitosan treatment. The outcomes revealed that total flavonoid content was
increased with increasing concentration of chitosan (upto 200 mg/l); incase of
400 mg/l chitosan, the productivity of total flavonoid was decreased. Among other
flavonoids, rutin, followed quercetin and isorhamnetin were highly expressed
(Fig. 1.6). Antioxidative efficiencies of elicited hairy root cultures of I. tinctoria
(150 mg/l) were good as compare to ascorbic acid (as per percent radical scavenging activity) and butylated hydroxytoluene (as per percent bleaching inhibition
activity). These data confirmed the effects of chitosan on I. tinctoria secondary
metabolite production (Jiao et al. 2018).
18
S. Saha and D. Pal