indigestion, blood anemia. Turmeric has shown antiseptic, antimicrobial, and insect
repellent properties. It is effective in respiratory disorders. Its ethanolic extract
showed high antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus oryzae, Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces sake. Hexane extract is an active
fraction of curcumin and it is the yellow pigment of turmeric prevents against
Bacillus coagulant, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, B. cereus, Escherichia
coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Kesharwaniet al. 2020; Negi et al. 1999).
Clinical trial data indicate that turmeric and garlic show potent antimicrobial
activity which protects from very harmful diseases (De and De 2019).
12.2.1 Phytochemistry of Turmeric
Turmeric belongs to the oleoresins consisting of light volatile oil fraction and heavy
yellow-brown fraction. The wide range of advantages is also due to the presence of
a variety of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and curcuminoids. Flavonoid curcumin
is a chief phytoconstituent of turmeric some volatile oils are also present. Turmeric
is a chief source of phenolic compounds, for example, curcuminoid. Curcumin is a
phenolic diketone also known as diferuloylmethane (Nisar et al. 2015). The curcuminoids comprise varying concentrations of, i.e., 77%, 17%, and 3% of curcumin
I, II, and III, respectively (Fig. 12.2) (Lee et al. 2013). Some volatile oil such as
turmerone, zingiberone, and atlantone are also present. Curcuminoids have been
recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been suggested the
safer doses of curcuminoids between 4 and 8 mg per day (Hewlings and Kalman
2017). Apart from all these some other phenolic diketones such as demothoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin are also available in the rhizomes. The yellow color of curcumin is due to the presence of phenolic diketones (Basnet and
Skalko-Basnet 2011). Curcumin I was considered to have minimum stability, while
curcumin III was proved to be the most stable among all curcuminoids. Not only the
above-mentioned phytochemicals it also consists of some essential oils, for
instance, a-phellandrene, a-pinene, caryophyllene, C8-aldehyde, geraniol methyl
heptanone, linalool, myrcene, pinene, p-cymene, sabinene, and 1,8-cineole.
Curcumin potentially shows antimicrobial activity, anticancer, and antioxidant
activity and extensively used in neurodegenerative ailment, inflammatory, and
cardiac symptoms (Pandey and Dalvi 2019). The nutritional composition of turmeric is described in Table 12.1.
12.2.2 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Curcuminoids
The antimicrobial activity depends on curcuminoids depend on the mode of their
delivery (Shlar et al. 2017). Generally, the antimicrobial action depends on the
hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction of various phenolic compounds to
412
S. K. Prajapati et al.
repellent properties. It is effective in respiratory disorders. Its ethanolic extract
showed high antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus oryzae, Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, and Saccharomyces sake. Hexane extract is an active
fraction of curcumin and it is the yellow pigment of turmeric prevents against
Bacillus coagulant, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, B. cereus, Escherichia
coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Kesharwaniet al. 2020; Negi et al. 1999).
Clinical trial data indicate that turmeric and garlic show potent antimicrobial
activity which protects from very harmful diseases (De and De 2019).
12.2.1 Phytochemistry of Turmeric
Turmeric belongs to the oleoresins consisting of light volatile oil fraction and heavy
yellow-brown fraction. The wide range of advantages is also due to the presence of
a variety of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and curcuminoids. Flavonoid curcumin
is a chief phytoconstituent of turmeric some volatile oils are also present. Turmeric
is a chief source of phenolic compounds, for example, curcuminoid. Curcumin is a
phenolic diketone also known as diferuloylmethane (Nisar et al. 2015). The curcuminoids comprise varying concentrations of, i.e., 77%, 17%, and 3% of curcumin
I, II, and III, respectively (Fig. 12.2) (Lee et al. 2013). Some volatile oil such as
turmerone, zingiberone, and atlantone are also present. Curcuminoids have been
recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has been suggested the
safer doses of curcuminoids between 4 and 8 mg per day (Hewlings and Kalman
2017). Apart from all these some other phenolic diketones such as demothoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin are also available in the rhizomes. The yellow color of curcumin is due to the presence of phenolic diketones (Basnet and
Skalko-Basnet 2011). Curcumin I was considered to have minimum stability, while
curcumin III was proved to be the most stable among all curcuminoids. Not only the
above-mentioned phytochemicals it also consists of some essential oils, for
instance, a-phellandrene, a-pinene, caryophyllene, C8-aldehyde, geraniol methyl
heptanone, linalool, myrcene, pinene, p-cymene, sabinene, and 1,8-cineole.
Curcumin potentially shows antimicrobial activity, anticancer, and antioxidant
activity and extensively used in neurodegenerative ailment, inflammatory, and
cardiac symptoms (Pandey and Dalvi 2019). The nutritional composition of turmeric is described in Table 12.1.
12.2.2 Antimicrobial Mechanism of Curcuminoids
The antimicrobial activity depends on curcuminoids depend on the mode of their
delivery (Shlar et al. 2017). Generally, the antimicrobial action depends on the
hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction of various phenolic compounds to
412
S. K. Prajapati et al.