agglutinins are also known for their mitogenic properties similar to those of ConA
and PHA (Clement et al. 2010). AGE also affects the unique subset of the T-cell
population by increasing the proliferation of cd-T-cells that plays a crucial role in
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Nantz et al. 2012).
Bioactive compounds isolated from garlic also exhibit antiviral activity. Allitridin
or diallyl tri-sulfide inhibits T-reg cells in-vivo (Li et al. 2013) and thus mounts an
antiviral immune response against murine cytomegalovirus. Fresh garlic extracts
stimulate the proliferation and activation of CD8
+ T-cells and cause a delayed-type
hypersensitivity (DTH) response (Ebrahimi et al. 2013).
6.3.4 Andrographis Paniculate (Family: Acanthaceae)
This plant is commonly known as King of Bitters, Kalmegh and found in Southeast
Asia, China, America, West Indies. Andrographis paniculata, a well-known
medicinal plant in various parts of the world, contains polyphenols, terpenoids
(diterpene lactones, entalabdane) xanthones, nocardioides, and flavonoids (flavones) as key bioactive compounds. Ethanolic (Pongiuluran and Rofaani 2015) and
dichloromethane extracts (Chao and Lin 2010) of A. paniculata augment the proliferation of lymphocytes at low concentrations. Andrographolide has diverse
immunoregulatory effects. On administration of Andrographolide in animals
bearing metastatic tumors, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhanced
when compared to untreated controls. Serum from andrographolide treated mice in
the presence of complement showed higher cytotoxicity suggesting that the extract
can activate the humoral immune system and generate tumor-specific antibodies
that can mediate ADCC (Sheeja and Kuttan 2010). Andrographolide significantly
increased the mean CD4
+ T-cells and inhibited HIV-induced dysregulation of cell
cycle tested against HIV-1 infection. Andrographolide and its derivatives also
inhibited the fusion of HL2/3 cells with TZM-bl cells, which occurs via the
interaction of gp120 with CD4 and CCR5, CXCR4, thus inhibiting the HIV
(Uttekar et al. 2012). Andrographolide also inhibits the expression of Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV) (Lin et al. 2008) and HSV-1. It increases secretion of IL-2, IFN-c by
T-cells and the activity of NK cells, thus inhibiting the growth of the tumor. It also
plays a role in autoimmune disorders such as encephalomyelitis, wherein it interferes with the maturation of DCs. Andrographolide can modulate the innate
immune response, regulate the production of antibodies and the generation of
antigen-specific splenocytes, and can activate macrophages both via classical and
alternative pathways (Wang et al. 2010). The immunomodulating property of the
purified andrographolide and neoandrographolide is low than that of ethanolic
extracts this finding reveals that multiple components may bring about such combinatorial immunomodulatory effects (Puri et al. 1993). Andrographolide,
7-O-methylwogonin is andrographolide, and skullcapflavone-1 significantly
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V. K. Gurjar and D. Pal
and PHA (Clement et al. 2010). AGE also affects the unique subset of the T-cell
population by increasing the proliferation of cd-T-cells that plays a crucial role in
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Nantz et al. 2012).
Bioactive compounds isolated from garlic also exhibit antiviral activity. Allitridin
or diallyl tri-sulfide inhibits T-reg cells in-vivo (Li et al. 2013) and thus mounts an
antiviral immune response against murine cytomegalovirus. Fresh garlic extracts
stimulate the proliferation and activation of CD8
+ T-cells and cause a delayed-type
hypersensitivity (DTH) response (Ebrahimi et al. 2013).
6.3.4 Andrographis Paniculate (Family: Acanthaceae)
This plant is commonly known as King of Bitters, Kalmegh and found in Southeast
Asia, China, America, West Indies. Andrographis paniculata, a well-known
medicinal plant in various parts of the world, contains polyphenols, terpenoids
(diterpene lactones, entalabdane) xanthones, nocardioides, and flavonoids (flavones) as key bioactive compounds. Ethanolic (Pongiuluran and Rofaani 2015) and
dichloromethane extracts (Chao and Lin 2010) of A. paniculata augment the proliferation of lymphocytes at low concentrations. Andrographolide has diverse
immunoregulatory effects. On administration of Andrographolide in animals
bearing metastatic tumors, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhanced
when compared to untreated controls. Serum from andrographolide treated mice in
the presence of complement showed higher cytotoxicity suggesting that the extract
can activate the humoral immune system and generate tumor-specific antibodies
that can mediate ADCC (Sheeja and Kuttan 2010). Andrographolide significantly
increased the mean CD4
+ T-cells and inhibited HIV-induced dysregulation of cell
cycle tested against HIV-1 infection. Andrographolide and its derivatives also
inhibited the fusion of HL2/3 cells with TZM-bl cells, which occurs via the
interaction of gp120 with CD4 and CCR5, CXCR4, thus inhibiting the HIV
(Uttekar et al. 2012). Andrographolide also inhibits the expression of Epstein-Barr
virus (EBV) (Lin et al. 2008) and HSV-1. It increases secretion of IL-2, IFN-c by
T-cells and the activity of NK cells, thus inhibiting the growth of the tumor. It also
plays a role in autoimmune disorders such as encephalomyelitis, wherein it interferes with the maturation of DCs. Andrographolide can modulate the innate
immune response, regulate the production of antibodies and the generation of
antigen-specific splenocytes, and can activate macrophages both via classical and
alternative pathways (Wang et al. 2010). The immunomodulating property of the
purified andrographolide and neoandrographolide is low than that of ethanolic
extracts this finding reveals that multiple components may bring about such combinatorial immunomodulatory effects (Puri et al. 1993). Andrographolide,
7-O-methylwogonin is andrographolide, and skullcapflavone-1 significantly
238
V. K. Gurjar and D. Pal