inhibited INFLCs IL-6, NO, IL-1b in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and inflammatory mediators like PGE2 and TXB2 in activated promyelocytic leukemia cells.
Andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide, and neoandrographolide exhibit its
anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme
(Parichatikanond et al. 2010). One more bioactive compound Andrograpanin
extracted from the leaves of A. paniculate also inhibits PINFLCs in LPS-stimulated
macrophages (Liu et al. 2008). A. paniculata is also known for its antioxidant
properties. Andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide
exhibited free radical scavenging effect and inhibited lipid peroxidation under
DPPH-induced oxidative stress (Akowuah et al. 2009).
6.3.5 Azadirachta Indica (Family: Meliaceae)
This tree is commonly known as the Neem tree found in Asia. Azadirachta indica
extract found to increases the number and the activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in various studies. It also increases the CD4
+
, CD8
+ T-cells, and the
markers for T-cell and macrophage activation, namely, CD25 and MAC-3,
respectively. A. indica extracts also resulted in lesser lung and liver metastases in
the sarcoma model of Balb/c mice (Beuth et al. 2006). The nimbolide a triterpenoid
isolated from the leaves exhibits antiapoptotic and antiproliferative properties via
downregulation of bcl2/bax and upregulation of Apaf-1 and caspase-3 (Kumar et al.
2006). Nimbolide inhibits tumor cell proliferation and exerts its growth inhibitory
effects through alterations of cyclins, cdks, PCNA and p53 levels. Nimbolide also
retards tumor cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis by downregulating MMP-2/
9, VEGF-A expression via inhibiting ERK1/2, reducing the nuclear translocation
and DNA-binding activity of NF-jB in cancer cells (Bodduluru et al. 2014). A.
Indica shows anticancer properties, and it fortifies the body’s immune system.
Neem leaf preparation (NLP) also acts as an adjuvant to generate antigen
(B16MelSAg) specific antiserum in C57BL/6 mice (Baral and Chattopadhyay
2004). NLP also stimulates the CD40-CD40L interaction that leads to the activation
of p38MAPK and generation of PINFLCs IL-12, thus the activation of NK cells
(Bose and Baral 2007). Glycoprotein isolated from A. Indica leaves enhances the
expression of IFN-c that downregulates CXCR3B (responsible for apoptosis in
lymphocytes) and thus restored the impaired chemotactic movement of PBMCs
toward tumor (Chakraborty et al. 2008). NLGP leads to the activation of T-cells and
generates a Th1 type of cytokine IFN-c and can effectively activate erythroleukemia
and oral cancer cells (Bose et al. 2009). Administration of aqueous extracts of A.
Indica significantly enhanced the activity of macrophages and facilitates tumor
antigen presentation by macrophages and DCs to T and B-lymphocytes and generation of an effector and memory response (Tsang et al. 2011).
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants …
239
Andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide, and neoandrographolide exhibit its
anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme
(Parichatikanond et al. 2010). One more bioactive compound Andrograpanin
extracted from the leaves of A. paniculate also inhibits PINFLCs in LPS-stimulated
macrophages (Liu et al. 2008). A. paniculata is also known for its antioxidant
properties. Andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide
exhibited free radical scavenging effect and inhibited lipid peroxidation under
DPPH-induced oxidative stress (Akowuah et al. 2009).
6.3.5 Azadirachta Indica (Family: Meliaceae)
This tree is commonly known as the Neem tree found in Asia. Azadirachta indica
extract found to increases the number and the activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes in various studies. It also increases the CD4
+
, CD8
+ T-cells, and the
markers for T-cell and macrophage activation, namely, CD25 and MAC-3,
respectively. A. indica extracts also resulted in lesser lung and liver metastases in
the sarcoma model of Balb/c mice (Beuth et al. 2006). The nimbolide a triterpenoid
isolated from the leaves exhibits antiapoptotic and antiproliferative properties via
downregulation of bcl2/bax and upregulation of Apaf-1 and caspase-3 (Kumar et al.
2006). Nimbolide inhibits tumor cell proliferation and exerts its growth inhibitory
effects through alterations of cyclins, cdks, PCNA and p53 levels. Nimbolide also
retards tumor cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis by downregulating MMP-2/
9, VEGF-A expression via inhibiting ERK1/2, reducing the nuclear translocation
and DNA-binding activity of NF-jB in cancer cells (Bodduluru et al. 2014). A.
Indica shows anticancer properties, and it fortifies the body’s immune system.
Neem leaf preparation (NLP) also acts as an adjuvant to generate antigen
(B16MelSAg) specific antiserum in C57BL/6 mice (Baral and Chattopadhyay
2004). NLP also stimulates the CD40-CD40L interaction that leads to the activation
of p38MAPK and generation of PINFLCs IL-12, thus the activation of NK cells
(Bose and Baral 2007). Glycoprotein isolated from A. Indica leaves enhances the
expression of IFN-c that downregulates CXCR3B (responsible for apoptosis in
lymphocytes) and thus restored the impaired chemotactic movement of PBMCs
toward tumor (Chakraborty et al. 2008). NLGP leads to the activation of T-cells and
generates a Th1 type of cytokine IFN-c and can effectively activate erythroleukemia
and oral cancer cells (Bose et al. 2009). Administration of aqueous extracts of A.
Indica significantly enhanced the activity of macrophages and facilitates tumor
antigen presentation by macrophages and DCs to T and B-lymphocytes and generation of an effector and memory response (Tsang et al. 2011).
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants …
239