splenocytes. These lectins significantly inhibited the growth of a J774, a murine
macrophage cancer cell line, and B-cell lymphoma (Bains et al. 2005).
6.3.3 Allium Sativum (Family: Amaryllidaceae)
This plant is commonly known as garlic found in worldwide. Garlic is an essential
medicinal spice and dietary element attributed to immunomodulatory properties
having certain proteins mainly agglutinins, Alliinase, antifungal Allivin and the
antimicrobial protein Alliumin. The aged garlic constituents show antiallergic and
antitumor properties (Kyo et al. 2001). Alliin isolated from A. sativum enhances the
expression of PINFCs genes like IL-6, MCP-1, and EGR-1 in LPS-stimulated
3T3-L1 adipocytes. It also modulates the cytokine generation. Low doses of garlic
extract increase IL-10 while decreasing the IL-12. IL-1a, IFN-c, TNF-a, IL-6, and
IL-8 on treatment with the extract (Quintero-Fabia’n et al. 2013). Other A. sativum
derived bioactive compounds like allitridin, S-allyl-L-cysteine, Caffeic acid, uracil,
and diallyl sulfide inhibit transcription of several PINFLCs genes like IL-6, MCP-1,
TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-12 by inhibiting the transcription factor NF-jB (Fu et al.
2015). The lectin isolated from garlic non-specifically activates mast cells and
basophils. Thus, lectins and agglutinins are potent mitogens and have potential
utility in immunomodulation (Clement et al. 2010). Allicin reduced parasitemia
when administered in Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice due to the generation of
PINFLCs like IFN-c. Allicin treatment also activated the macrophages and stimulates the expansion of CD4
+ T-cells (Feng et al. 2012). Not only the bioactive
compounds of A. sativum affect the T-cells but also oil macerated extracts containing active ingredient Z-ajoene affects the B-cells and increased the levels of IgA
and interleukins (Washiya et al. 2013). Allicin promotes the maturation of DCs by
increasing the expression of CD40: a costimulatory molecule, thus inducing a
proinflammatory response in rodent malaria models. Aged garlic soaked, sliced, and
extracted (AGE) in ethanol inhibit the antigen-specific generation of histamines in
rat basophil cell line RBL-2H3. Orally administered AGE significantly decreased
the IgE-mediated skin reactions (Kyo et al. 2001) and induced the PINFLCs IL-12,
INF-c, and iNOS in Leishmania-infected murine macrophages (Gharavi et al.
2011). Differing to this, AGE upregulated IL-10 and decreased IL-12 production in
PBMCs, which in effect reduced IFN-c, IL-2, TNF-a, and IL-6 (Oft 2014;
Gazzinelli et al. 1992). Garlic extracts exert an anti-inflammatory effect on
monocytes and lymphocyte proliferation by upregulating IL-10 and downregulating
the production TNF-a on LPS stimulation. Diallyl disulfide from A. sativum
decreased PINFLCS, NO production in murine macrophages, and leukemic
monocyte cell lines (Shin et al. 2013). AGE also affects NK cells and increases its
activity against various cancer cell lines. Fructooligosaccharides present in AGE
show mitogenic potential, activated macrophages and increased phagocytic activity,
comparable to effects shown by mitogens like zymosan and mannan
(Chandrashekar et al. 2011). Immunoproteins isolated from garlic-like lectins and
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants …
237
macrophage cancer cell line, and B-cell lymphoma (Bains et al. 2005).
6.3.3 Allium Sativum (Family: Amaryllidaceae)
This plant is commonly known as garlic found in worldwide. Garlic is an essential
medicinal spice and dietary element attributed to immunomodulatory properties
having certain proteins mainly agglutinins, Alliinase, antifungal Allivin and the
antimicrobial protein Alliumin. The aged garlic constituents show antiallergic and
antitumor properties (Kyo et al. 2001). Alliin isolated from A. sativum enhances the
expression of PINFCs genes like IL-6, MCP-1, and EGR-1 in LPS-stimulated
3T3-L1 adipocytes. It also modulates the cytokine generation. Low doses of garlic
extract increase IL-10 while decreasing the IL-12. IL-1a, IFN-c, TNF-a, IL-6, and
IL-8 on treatment with the extract (Quintero-Fabia’n et al. 2013). Other A. sativum
derived bioactive compounds like allitridin, S-allyl-L-cysteine, Caffeic acid, uracil,
and diallyl sulfide inhibit transcription of several PINFLCs genes like IL-6, MCP-1,
TNF-a, IL-1b, and IL-12 by inhibiting the transcription factor NF-jB (Fu et al.
2015). The lectin isolated from garlic non-specifically activates mast cells and
basophils. Thus, lectins and agglutinins are potent mitogens and have potential
utility in immunomodulation (Clement et al. 2010). Allicin reduced parasitemia
when administered in Plasmodium yoelii-infected mice due to the generation of
PINFLCs like IFN-c. Allicin treatment also activated the macrophages and stimulates the expansion of CD4
+ T-cells (Feng et al. 2012). Not only the bioactive
compounds of A. sativum affect the T-cells but also oil macerated extracts containing active ingredient Z-ajoene affects the B-cells and increased the levels of IgA
and interleukins (Washiya et al. 2013). Allicin promotes the maturation of DCs by
increasing the expression of CD40: a costimulatory molecule, thus inducing a
proinflammatory response in rodent malaria models. Aged garlic soaked, sliced, and
extracted (AGE) in ethanol inhibit the antigen-specific generation of histamines in
rat basophil cell line RBL-2H3. Orally administered AGE significantly decreased
the IgE-mediated skin reactions (Kyo et al. 2001) and induced the PINFLCs IL-12,
INF-c, and iNOS in Leishmania-infected murine macrophages (Gharavi et al.
2011). Differing to this, AGE upregulated IL-10 and decreased IL-12 production in
PBMCs, which in effect reduced IFN-c, IL-2, TNF-a, and IL-6 (Oft 2014;
Gazzinelli et al. 1992). Garlic extracts exert an anti-inflammatory effect on
monocytes and lymphocyte proliferation by upregulating IL-10 and downregulating
the production TNF-a on LPS stimulation. Diallyl disulfide from A. sativum
decreased PINFLCS, NO production in murine macrophages, and leukemic
monocyte cell lines (Shin et al. 2013). AGE also affects NK cells and increases its
activity against various cancer cell lines. Fructooligosaccharides present in AGE
show mitogenic potential, activated macrophages and increased phagocytic activity,
comparable to effects shown by mitogens like zymosan and mannan
(Chandrashekar et al. 2011). Immunoproteins isolated from garlic-like lectins and
6 Natural Compounds Extracted from Medicinal Plants …
237