13 Carvacrol (Origanum vulgare): Therapeutic Properties
and Molecular Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Arijit Mondal, Sankhadip Bose, Kamalika Mazumder,
and Ritu Khanra
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
13.2 Literature Search Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
13.3 Extraction and Isolation of Carvacrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
13.4 Biosynthesis of Carvacrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
13.5 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
13.6 Metabolism and Excretion of Carvacrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
13.7 Acute Toxicity of Carvacrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
13.8 Antioxidant Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
13.9 Antimicrobial Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
13.10 Anticancer Effect of Carvacrol and the Related Mechanism
of Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
13.11 Carvacrol Derivatives with Pharmacological
Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
13.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456
14 Pharmaceutical Application of Bio-actives from Alstonia Genus:
Current Findings and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Atish T. Paul, Ginson George, Nisha Yadav, Arjun Jeswani,
and Prashant S. Auti
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
14.2 Botanical Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
14.3 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
14.3.1 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Scholaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
14.3.2 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Macrophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
14.3.3 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Angustifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
14.3.4 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Boonei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
14.3.5 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Venenata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
14.3.6 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Yunnanensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
14.3.7 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Spatulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
14.3.8 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Rupestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
14.3.9 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Rostrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
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