14.3.10 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Pneumatophora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
14.3.11 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Penangiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
14.3.12 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Mairei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
14.3.13 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Congensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
14.3.14 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Angustiloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
14.3.15 Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities
of A. Actinophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
14.4 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolite Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
14.5 Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Values of Alstonia
Genus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
14.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
15 Role of Natural Bio-active Compounds as Antidiabetic Agents . . . . 535
Sandra N. Jimenez-Garcia, Lina Garcia-Mier,
Moises A. Vazquez-Cruz, Xochitl S. Ramirez-Gomez,
Ramon G. Guevara-Gonzalez, Juan Fernando Garcia-Trejo,
and Ana Angélica Feregrino-Perez
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
15.2 Mechanisms of Action of Antidiabetic Substances . . . . . . . . . 537
15.3 a-Amilase Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
15.4 a-Glucosidase Inhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
15.5 Activation of Glucose Transporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
15.6 Activation of Insulin Secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
15.7 Future Perspective and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
16 An Overview of the Bioactivities of Gedunin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Yong Sze Ong, Kooi Yeong Khaw, Loh Teng-Hern Tan,
Peng-Nian Yew, Kai-Boon Tan, Wei Hsum Yap, Siah Ying Tang,
Liang Ee Low, Learn-Han Lee, and Bey-Hing Goh
16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
16.2 Bioactivities of Gedunin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
16.2.1 Anti-Cancer Properties of Gedunin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
16.2.2 Anti-neurological Disorders and Cryoprotective
Effects of Gedunin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
16.2.3 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Gedunin . . . . . . . . . . . 578
16.2.4 Anti-parasitic Effects of Gedunin and
Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Contents
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