extracted from Dillenia fruits in the formulation of felodipine nasal gels. The nasal
gels exhibited controlled releasing of felodipine. In another work, Ketousetuo and
Bandyopadhyay (2007) also studied the preparation oxytocin nasal gel using
mucoadhesive agent extracted from Dillenia fruits.
3.3.12 Ophthalmic Formulations
Plant polysaccharides have already been investigated as potential excipient materials in various ocular drug delivery formulations like ophthalmic solutions, gels,
and nanoparticles (Dilbaghi et al. 2013; Gheraldi et al. 2004). The high viscosity as
well as mucoadhesive characteristics of plant polysaccharides makes these excellent
excipients in various ocular formulations for enhancing the ocular residence time.
Suzuki and Lim (1994) studied the use of locust bean gum in ocular drug delivery
system. They prepared gentamicin-loaded locust bean gum/i-carrageenan
microparticles by emulsification process, and these microparticles were further
incorporated in the poly(vinyl alcohol) gel. The ocular formulations without locust
bean gum exhibited an initial burst releasing of gentamicin within the initial 6 h,
which was found to decrease by more than 50% by the incorporation of 10% locust
bean gum in the microparticle formula. Gheraldi et al. (2000) evaluated the
mucoadhesive potential of tamarind gum for the ocular administration of gentamicin and ofloxacin. In this study, the concentrations of gentamicin and ofloxacin
were found significantly high in the aqueous humor and cornea in the rabbit eye,
when treated with tamarind gum-based ocular formulations containing tamarind
gum than that of the free drugs. The same research group also investigated the
potential of tamarind gum as mucoadhesive polymer for the improvement of
intra-ocular penetration of rufloxacin to treat bacterial keratitis (Gheraldi et al.
2004). Mehra et al. (2010) found the improvement of miotic activity of pilocarpine
by the treatment with a tamarind gum based in situ ocular gels, which was found to
produce sustained release of pilocarpine up to 12 h Dilbaghi et al. (2013) prepared
tamarind seed xyloglucan nanoaggregates loaded with tropicamide for ocular
delivery. In this work, they evaluated the ex vivo corneal permeation of tropicamide
across the goat cornea and the results demonstrated a significantly increased ex vivo
corneal permeation of tropicamide in comparison with that of the marketed
formulation.
3.3.13 Colon-Targeting Formulations
Some plant polysaccharides have been studied for the development of biodegradable carriers for colon targeting drug releasing. Vivekanandan et al. (2015) prepared
guar gum-based matrix tablets of budenoside via the wet granulation. The developed matrix tablets demonstrated 97.12 and 76.86% of budenoside release in rat
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A. K. Nayak et al.
gels exhibited controlled releasing of felodipine. In another work, Ketousetuo and
Bandyopadhyay (2007) also studied the preparation oxytocin nasal gel using
mucoadhesive agent extracted from Dillenia fruits.
3.3.12 Ophthalmic Formulations
Plant polysaccharides have already been investigated as potential excipient materials in various ocular drug delivery formulations like ophthalmic solutions, gels,
and nanoparticles (Dilbaghi et al. 2013; Gheraldi et al. 2004). The high viscosity as
well as mucoadhesive characteristics of plant polysaccharides makes these excellent
excipients in various ocular formulations for enhancing the ocular residence time.
Suzuki and Lim (1994) studied the use of locust bean gum in ocular drug delivery
system. They prepared gentamicin-loaded locust bean gum/i-carrageenan
microparticles by emulsification process, and these microparticles were further
incorporated in the poly(vinyl alcohol) gel. The ocular formulations without locust
bean gum exhibited an initial burst releasing of gentamicin within the initial 6 h,
which was found to decrease by more than 50% by the incorporation of 10% locust
bean gum in the microparticle formula. Gheraldi et al. (2000) evaluated the
mucoadhesive potential of tamarind gum for the ocular administration of gentamicin and ofloxacin. In this study, the concentrations of gentamicin and ofloxacin
were found significantly high in the aqueous humor and cornea in the rabbit eye,
when treated with tamarind gum-based ocular formulations containing tamarind
gum than that of the free drugs. The same research group also investigated the
potential of tamarind gum as mucoadhesive polymer for the improvement of
intra-ocular penetration of rufloxacin to treat bacterial keratitis (Gheraldi et al.
2004). Mehra et al. (2010) found the improvement of miotic activity of pilocarpine
by the treatment with a tamarind gum based in situ ocular gels, which was found to
produce sustained release of pilocarpine up to 12 h Dilbaghi et al. (2013) prepared
tamarind seed xyloglucan nanoaggregates loaded with tropicamide for ocular
delivery. In this work, they evaluated the ex vivo corneal permeation of tropicamide
across the goat cornea and the results demonstrated a significantly increased ex vivo
corneal permeation of tropicamide in comparison with that of the marketed
formulation.
3.3.13 Colon-Targeting Formulations
Some plant polysaccharides have been studied for the development of biodegradable carriers for colon targeting drug releasing. Vivekanandan et al. (2015) prepared
guar gum-based matrix tablets of budenoside via the wet granulation. The developed matrix tablets demonstrated 97.12 and 76.86% of budenoside release in rat
116
A. K. Nayak et al.