permeation across the porcine buccal mucosa showed the sustained atenolol
permeation over a period of 12 h along with excellent bioadhesion. Ahuja et al.
(2013b) evaluated the mucoadhesive property of gum cordia in the preparation of
buccal discs containing fluconazole. These gum cordia buccal discs showed good
ex vivo buccoadhesion onto the buccal mucosa and it was found to be significantly
affected by the compression pressure during preparation.The optimized buccal discs
was made by using gum cordia to lactose ratio of 0.66, fluconazole of 20 mg
compression pressure of 6600 kg, which showed ex vivo buccoadhesion of 22 h
and in vitro fluconazole release of 80% within 24 h. In a research, Mylangam et al.
(2016) prepared metoprolol succinate buccoadhesive tablets employing badam gum
as mucoadhesive agent by wet granulation technique. These showed good buccoadhesive retention profile. Adhikari and Panda (2017) assessed the mucoadhesivity potential of fenugreek seed mucilage in the formulation of atenolol-releasing
buccal patches. They formulated atenolol buccal patches composed of a mucoadhesive layer of fenugreek seed mucilage-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M and a
backing layer (drug-free) of 1% ethyl cellulose via solvent-casting method. The
sustained atenolol permeation across the porcine buccal mucosa over 12 h was
measured along with excellent boaddhesion. Nerkar and Gattani (2011) prepared
buccomucoadhesive microspheres of venlafaxine using linseed mucilage as
mucoadhesive excipient. They evaluated in vitro as well as in vivo performances of
these buccomucoadhesive microspheres. The results exhibited high encapsulation
of venlafaxine, higher swelling and good buccoadhesion.
3.3.11 Nasal Formulations
Plant polysaccharides have already been investigated to formulate different nasal
drug delivery systems due to gel-forming properties and excellent bioadhesivity.
Datta and Bandyopadhyay (2006) assessed the potential of gel-forming property
and mucoadhesive property of tamarind seed polysaccharide for the preparation of
diazepam nasal gels. The mucoadhesivity and gelling characteristics of tamarind
seed polysaccharide was found higher than that of the conventionally used synthetic
gel-forming agents, Carbopol 934 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. In vitro
diazepam releasing from these nasal gels was carried out by Franz-diffusion cell
using excised bovine nasal membrane, the results of which was found better than
the synthetic gel-forming agents. The same research group evaluated the potential
use of Linum usitatissimum L. seed mucilage in the formulation of midazolam
mucoadhesive nasal gels (Basu et al. 2007). In this work, Linum usitatissimum L.
seed mucilage was proved as better mucoadhesive agent than Carbopol 934 and
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The midazolam nasal gels prepared using Linum
usitatissimum L. seed mucilage demonstrated favorable mucoadhesive characteristics, which facilitate to adhere onto the nasal mucosal surface over a prolonged
period. Thus, enhancement of drug absorption can be achieved when administered
via the intra-nasal route. Sahu et al. (2011) accessed the use of mucoadhesive agent
3 Plant Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications
115
permeation over a period of 12 h along with excellent bioadhesion. Ahuja et al.
(2013b) evaluated the mucoadhesive property of gum cordia in the preparation of
buccal discs containing fluconazole. These gum cordia buccal discs showed good
ex vivo buccoadhesion onto the buccal mucosa and it was found to be significantly
affected by the compression pressure during preparation.The optimized buccal discs
was made by using gum cordia to lactose ratio of 0.66, fluconazole of 20 mg
compression pressure of 6600 kg, which showed ex vivo buccoadhesion of 22 h
and in vitro fluconazole release of 80% within 24 h. In a research, Mylangam et al.
(2016) prepared metoprolol succinate buccoadhesive tablets employing badam gum
as mucoadhesive agent by wet granulation technique. These showed good buccoadhesive retention profile. Adhikari and Panda (2017) assessed the mucoadhesivity potential of fenugreek seed mucilage in the formulation of atenolol-releasing
buccal patches. They formulated atenolol buccal patches composed of a mucoadhesive layer of fenugreek seed mucilage-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M and a
backing layer (drug-free) of 1% ethyl cellulose via solvent-casting method. The
sustained atenolol permeation across the porcine buccal mucosa over 12 h was
measured along with excellent boaddhesion. Nerkar and Gattani (2011) prepared
buccomucoadhesive microspheres of venlafaxine using linseed mucilage as
mucoadhesive excipient. They evaluated in vitro as well as in vivo performances of
these buccomucoadhesive microspheres. The results exhibited high encapsulation
of venlafaxine, higher swelling and good buccoadhesion.
3.3.11 Nasal Formulations
Plant polysaccharides have already been investigated to formulate different nasal
drug delivery systems due to gel-forming properties and excellent bioadhesivity.
Datta and Bandyopadhyay (2006) assessed the potential of gel-forming property
and mucoadhesive property of tamarind seed polysaccharide for the preparation of
diazepam nasal gels. The mucoadhesivity and gelling characteristics of tamarind
seed polysaccharide was found higher than that of the conventionally used synthetic
gel-forming agents, Carbopol 934 and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. In vitro
diazepam releasing from these nasal gels was carried out by Franz-diffusion cell
using excised bovine nasal membrane, the results of which was found better than
the synthetic gel-forming agents. The same research group evaluated the potential
use of Linum usitatissimum L. seed mucilage in the formulation of midazolam
mucoadhesive nasal gels (Basu et al. 2007). In this work, Linum usitatissimum L.
seed mucilage was proved as better mucoadhesive agent than Carbopol 934 and
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The midazolam nasal gels prepared using Linum
usitatissimum L. seed mucilage demonstrated favorable mucoadhesive characteristics, which facilitate to adhere onto the nasal mucosal surface over a prolonged
period. Thus, enhancement of drug absorption can be achieved when administered
via the intra-nasal route. Sahu et al. (2011) accessed the use of mucoadhesive agent
3 Plant Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications
115