3.3.8 Liposomes
Plant polysaccharides have also been used to coat liposomes for their better activity.
Haghighi et al. (2018) employed coating of pectin onto the nanoliposomes of
phloridzin to enhance their targeting property. The pectin-coated nanoliposomes of
phloridzin exhibited improved drug entrapment efficiency and storage stability. In
another research, Zhou et al. (2014) employed the coating of coated with high
methoxyl pectin or low methoxyl pectin onto vitamin C liposomes. These
pectin-coated vitamin C liposomes exhibited the enhanced the stability, especially
with the coating of high methoxyl pectin.
3.3.9 Transdermal Formulations
Plant polysaccharides have already been investigated to formulate different transdermal gels and films due to gel forming and film forming properties, respectively.
Hadebe et al. (2014) formulated transdermal patches using amidated pectin for
delivery of insulin. The slow releasing insulin from these amidated pectin-based
transdermal patches improved various diabetic parameters in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Hasnain et al. ( 2020a) used dillenia (Dillenia indica L.)
fruit gum as gel-forming agent to prepare lidocaine HCl topical gels. In the ex vivo
permeation study, lidocaine HCl was permeated across the porcine ear skin
membrane from formulated 4% lidocaine HCl topical gels and the results showed a
sustained drug permeation profile over 7 h. The same research group also reported
the potential of the application of cashew gum as a potential gel forming material
with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M to prepare 4% lidocaine HCl topical
gels, which exhibited good skin permeation (Hasnain et al. 2017b). In another
research, Das et al. (2013) formulated same type of 4% lidocaine HCl topical gels
using cashew gum with a synthetic polymer, Carbopol 940. The in vitro permeation
of lidocaine HCl from 4% lidocaine HCl gels through porcine skin was found to be
sustained over 7 h (Fig. 3.13). Panda et al. (2006) evaluated gel-forming ability of
moringa (Moringa oleifera) gum to prepare diclofenac gels. The gels prepared
using 8% moringa gum showed good results and found comparable to the marketed
formulation Mundhe et al. (2012) studied the gel-forming potential fenugreek seed
mucilage to prepare topical gels of diclofenac potassium. In another study, Rao
et al. (2010) assessed the Cocculas hirsutus leaf powder as gel base to prepare gel
of flurbiprofen. From the results of the research, it was found that the in vitro release
of flurbiprofen form from the formulated gels and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity
were better than that of the marketed gel compared. Nazim et al. (2011) developed
hydrotrope potato starch topical gels of rofecoxib. The in vitro rofecoxib releasing
results demonstrated that these 1% rofecoxib hydrotrope-gelled potato starch based
topical formulation containing 5% w/w potato starch and 15% w/w sodium salicylate exhibited rofecoxib releasing of 16.65% within 6 h; while topical
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Plant polysaccharides have also been used to coat liposomes for their better activity.
Haghighi et al. (2018) employed coating of pectin onto the nanoliposomes of
phloridzin to enhance their targeting property. The pectin-coated nanoliposomes of
phloridzin exhibited improved drug entrapment efficiency and storage stability. In
another research, Zhou et al. (2014) employed the coating of coated with high
methoxyl pectin or low methoxyl pectin onto vitamin C liposomes. These
pectin-coated vitamin C liposomes exhibited the enhanced the stability, especially
with the coating of high methoxyl pectin.
3.3.9 Transdermal Formulations
Plant polysaccharides have already been investigated to formulate different transdermal gels and films due to gel forming and film forming properties, respectively.
Hadebe et al. (2014) formulated transdermal patches using amidated pectin for
delivery of insulin. The slow releasing insulin from these amidated pectin-based
transdermal patches improved various diabetic parameters in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Hasnain et al. ( 2020a) used dillenia (Dillenia indica L.)
fruit gum as gel-forming agent to prepare lidocaine HCl topical gels. In the ex vivo
permeation study, lidocaine HCl was permeated across the porcine ear skin
membrane from formulated 4% lidocaine HCl topical gels and the results showed a
sustained drug permeation profile over 7 h. The same research group also reported
the potential of the application of cashew gum as a potential gel forming material
with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M to prepare 4% lidocaine HCl topical
gels, which exhibited good skin permeation (Hasnain et al. 2017b). In another
research, Das et al. (2013) formulated same type of 4% lidocaine HCl topical gels
using cashew gum with a synthetic polymer, Carbopol 940. The in vitro permeation
of lidocaine HCl from 4% lidocaine HCl gels through porcine skin was found to be
sustained over 7 h (Fig. 3.13). Panda et al. (2006) evaluated gel-forming ability of
moringa (Moringa oleifera) gum to prepare diclofenac gels. The gels prepared
using 8% moringa gum showed good results and found comparable to the marketed
formulation Mundhe et al. (2012) studied the gel-forming potential fenugreek seed
mucilage to prepare topical gels of diclofenac potassium. In another study, Rao
et al. (2010) assessed the Cocculas hirsutus leaf powder as gel base to prepare gel
of flurbiprofen. From the results of the research, it was found that the in vitro release
of flurbiprofen form from the formulated gels and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity
were better than that of the marketed gel compared. Nazim et al. (2011) developed
hydrotrope potato starch topical gels of rofecoxib. The in vitro rofecoxib releasing
results demonstrated that these 1% rofecoxib hydrotrope-gelled potato starch based
topical formulation containing 5% w/w potato starch and 15% w/w sodium salicylate exhibited rofecoxib releasing of 16.65% within 6 h; while topical
112
A. K. Nayak et al.