References
15
References
1. H. Alamdari, Aluminum production process: Challenges and opportunities. Metals 7, 133
(2017)
2. H. Vikström, S. Davidsson, M. Höök, Lithium availability and future production outlooks.
Appl. Energ. 110, 252–266 (2013)
3. G.J. Kipouros, D.R. Sadoway, Toward new technologies for the production of lithium. JOM
50, 24–33 (1998)
4. G. Demirci, I. Karakaya, Collection of magnesium in an Mg–Pb alloy cathode placed at the
bottom of the cell in MgCl 2 electrolysis. J. Alloys Compd. 439, 237–242 (2007)
5. F.C. Frary, H.R. Bicknell, C.A. Tronson, Efficiency in the electrolytic production of metallic
calcium. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2, 522–524 (1910)
6. G.Z. Chen, D.J. Fray, T.W. Farthing, Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to
titanium in molten calcium chloride. Nature 407, 361–364 (2000)
7. D.S.M. Vishnu, N. Sanil, K.S. Mohandas, K. Nagarajan, Factors influencing the direct electrochemical reduction of Nb 2 O 5 pellets to Nb metal in molten chloride salts. Acta Metall. Sin.
30, 218–227 (2016)
8. X. Ge, S. Jin, M. Zhang, X. Wang, S. Seetharaman, Synthesis of chromium and ferrochromium
alloy in molten salts by the electro-reduction method. J. Min. Metall. B 51, 185–191 (2015)
9. R. Abdulaziz, L.D. Brown, D. Inman, S. Simons, P.R. Shearing, D.J.L. Brett, Novel fluidised
cathode approach for the electrochemical reduction of tungsten oxide in molten LiCl–KCl
eutectic. Electrochem. Commun. 41, 44–46 (2014)
10. L.D. Brown, R. Abdulaziz, R. Jervis, V. Bharath, T.J. Mason, R.C. Atwood, C. Reinhard,
L.D. Connor, D. Inman, D.J.L. Brett, P.R. Shearing, A novel molten-salt electrochemical cell
for investigating the reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal by lithium using in situ
synchrotron radiation. J. Synchrotron Rad. 24, 439–444 (2017)
11. D. Tang, H. Yin, X. Cheng, W. Xiao, D. Wang, Green production of nickel powder by electroreduction of NiO in molten Na 2 CO 3 –K 2 CO 3 . Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41, 18699–18705 (2016)
12. K. Xie, A.R. Kamali, Electro-reduction of hematite using water as the redox mediator. Green
Chem. Green Chem. 21, 198–204 (2019)
13. Y. Xu, H. Jiao, M. Wang, S. Jiao, Direct preparation of V–Al alloy by molten salt electrolysis
of soluble NaVO 3 on a liquid Al cathode. J. Alloy. Compd. 779, 22–29 (2019)
14. J. Zhao, S. Lu, L. Hu, C. Li, Nano Si preparation by constant cell voltage electrolysis of
FFC-Cambridge Process in molten CaCl 2 . J. Energy Chem. 22, 819–825 (2013)
15. S. Li, X. Zou, K. Zheng, X. Ua, Q. Xu, C. Chen, Z. Zhou, Direct production of TiAl 3 from
Ti/Al-containing oxides precursors by solid oxide membrane (SOM) process. J. Alloys Compd.
727, 1243–1252 (2017)
16. H. Liu, Y. Cai, Q. Xu, Q. Song, H. Liu, A novel preparation of Zr–Si intermetallics by
electrochemical reduction of ZrSiO 4 in molten salts. New J. Chem. 39, 9969–9975 (2015)
17. H. Liu, Y. Cai, Q. Xu, H. Liu, Q. Song, Y. Qi, In situ nano-sized ZrC/ZrSi composite powder
fabricated by a one-pot electrochemical process in molten salts. RSC Adv. 7, 2301–2307 (2017)
18. M. Anik, N.B. Hatirnaz, A.B. Aybar, Molten salt synthesis of La(Ni1–xCox)5 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2,
0.3) type hydrogen storage alloys, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41, 361–368 (2016)
19. A.R. Kamali, G. Divitini, C. Ducati, D.J. Fray, Transformation of molten SnCl 2 to SnO 2
nano-single crystals. Ceram. Int. 40, 8533–8538 (2014)
20. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Solid phase growth of tin oxide nanostructures. Mater. Sci. Eng., B
177, 819–825 (2012)
21. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Preparation of lithium niobate particles via reactive molten salt
synthesis method. Ceram. Int. 40, 1835–1841 (2014)
22. A.M. Abdelkader, Molten salts electrochemical synthesis of Cr 2 AlC. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36,
33–42 (2016)
23. Z.W. Cui, X.K. Li, Y. Cong, Z.J. Dong, G.M. Yuan, J. Zhang, Synthesis of tantalum carbide
from multiwall carbon nanotubes in a molten salt medium. New Carbon Mater. 32, 205–212
(2017)
15
References
1. H. Alamdari, Aluminum production process: Challenges and opportunities. Metals 7, 133
(2017)
2. H. Vikström, S. Davidsson, M. Höök, Lithium availability and future production outlooks.
Appl. Energ. 110, 252–266 (2013)
3. G.J. Kipouros, D.R. Sadoway, Toward new technologies for the production of lithium. JOM
50, 24–33 (1998)
4. G. Demirci, I. Karakaya, Collection of magnesium in an Mg–Pb alloy cathode placed at the
bottom of the cell in MgCl 2 electrolysis. J. Alloys Compd. 439, 237–242 (2007)
5. F.C. Frary, H.R. Bicknell, C.A. Tronson, Efficiency in the electrolytic production of metallic
calcium. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2, 522–524 (1910)
6. G.Z. Chen, D.J. Fray, T.W. Farthing, Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to
titanium in molten calcium chloride. Nature 407, 361–364 (2000)
7. D.S.M. Vishnu, N. Sanil, K.S. Mohandas, K. Nagarajan, Factors influencing the direct electrochemical reduction of Nb 2 O 5 pellets to Nb metal in molten chloride salts. Acta Metall. Sin.
30, 218–227 (2016)
8. X. Ge, S. Jin, M. Zhang, X. Wang, S. Seetharaman, Synthesis of chromium and ferrochromium
alloy in molten salts by the electro-reduction method. J. Min. Metall. B 51, 185–191 (2015)
9. R. Abdulaziz, L.D. Brown, D. Inman, S. Simons, P.R. Shearing, D.J.L. Brett, Novel fluidised
cathode approach for the electrochemical reduction of tungsten oxide in molten LiCl–KCl
eutectic. Electrochem. Commun. 41, 44–46 (2014)
10. L.D. Brown, R. Abdulaziz, R. Jervis, V. Bharath, T.J. Mason, R.C. Atwood, C. Reinhard,
L.D. Connor, D. Inman, D.J.L. Brett, P.R. Shearing, A novel molten-salt electrochemical cell
for investigating the reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal by lithium using in situ
synchrotron radiation. J. Synchrotron Rad. 24, 439–444 (2017)
11. D. Tang, H. Yin, X. Cheng, W. Xiao, D. Wang, Green production of nickel powder by electroreduction of NiO in molten Na 2 CO 3 –K 2 CO 3 . Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41, 18699–18705 (2016)
12. K. Xie, A.R. Kamali, Electro-reduction of hematite using water as the redox mediator. Green
Chem. Green Chem. 21, 198–204 (2019)
13. Y. Xu, H. Jiao, M. Wang, S. Jiao, Direct preparation of V–Al alloy by molten salt electrolysis
of soluble NaVO 3 on a liquid Al cathode. J. Alloy. Compd. 779, 22–29 (2019)
14. J. Zhao, S. Lu, L. Hu, C. Li, Nano Si preparation by constant cell voltage electrolysis of
FFC-Cambridge Process in molten CaCl 2 . J. Energy Chem. 22, 819–825 (2013)
15. S. Li, X. Zou, K. Zheng, X. Ua, Q. Xu, C. Chen, Z. Zhou, Direct production of TiAl 3 from
Ti/Al-containing oxides precursors by solid oxide membrane (SOM) process. J. Alloys Compd.
727, 1243–1252 (2017)
16. H. Liu, Y. Cai, Q. Xu, Q. Song, H. Liu, A novel preparation of Zr–Si intermetallics by
electrochemical reduction of ZrSiO 4 in molten salts. New J. Chem. 39, 9969–9975 (2015)
17. H. Liu, Y. Cai, Q. Xu, H. Liu, Q. Song, Y. Qi, In situ nano-sized ZrC/ZrSi composite powder
fabricated by a one-pot electrochemical process in molten salts. RSC Adv. 7, 2301–2307 (2017)
18. M. Anik, N.B. Hatirnaz, A.B. Aybar, Molten salt synthesis of La(Ni1–xCox)5 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2,
0.3) type hydrogen storage alloys, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41, 361–368 (2016)
19. A.R. Kamali, G. Divitini, C. Ducati, D.J. Fray, Transformation of molten SnCl 2 to SnO 2
nano-single crystals. Ceram. Int. 40, 8533–8538 (2014)
20. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Solid phase growth of tin oxide nanostructures. Mater. Sci. Eng., B
177, 819–825 (2012)
21. A.R. Kamali, D.J. Fray, Preparation of lithium niobate particles via reactive molten salt
synthesis method. Ceram. Int. 40, 1835–1841 (2014)
22. A.M. Abdelkader, Molten salts electrochemical synthesis of Cr 2 AlC. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36,
33–42 (2016)
23. Z.W. Cui, X.K. Li, Y. Cong, Z.J. Dong, G.M. Yuan, J. Zhang, Synthesis of tantalum carbide
from multiwall carbon nanotubes in a molten salt medium. New Carbon Mater. 32, 205–212
(2017)