Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Biogenic …
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Advantages
Disadvantages
Powerful magnification and resolution
Very expensive
Applied in various educational and scientific
systems
Laborious sample preparation
Gives information of the elements and its structures Require special trainings
Images are high-quality and detailed
Require special housing and maintenance
(c) Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM)
FESEM is a microscopic technique in which the microscope is used along with
electrons. In this, the electrons are generated by field emission source and the
specimen is scanned by electrons. After the interaction the results were shown in
a zigzag pattern.
Advantages
Disadvantages
High-quality and low-voltage images
Very expensive
No need to add coatings on the materials
–
(d) UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis)
It is a spectroscopic technique which absorbs both ultraviolet and visible lights. It
follows Beer-Lambert law. It means when a beam of monochromatic light passed
through a sample, the rate of radiation intensity and the thickness of the sample are
directly proportional to the concentration of the sample.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Give extremely accurate readings
Spectra are not highly specific for particular
molecules
Easy and simple to operate and inexpensive Operation and analysis require special training
(e) X-ray diffraction (XRD)
X-ray diffraction is a method that determines the crystalline structures of the compounds. It is preliminarily used for crystalline materials. Analysis of the samples is
done by X-rays. These X-rays are generated by cathode ray tubes present inside the
XRD system.
XRD is an exclusive method in determination of crystallinity of a compound.
It is mainly used for crystalline material. It differentiates amorphous and
crystalline material. The analysis of XRD is based on constructive interference of
63
Advantages
Disadvantages
Powerful magnification and resolution
Very expensive
Applied in various educational and scientific
systems
Laborious sample preparation
Gives information of the elements and its structures Require special trainings
Images are high-quality and detailed
Require special housing and maintenance
(c) Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM)
FESEM is a microscopic technique in which the microscope is used along with
electrons. In this, the electrons are generated by field emission source and the
specimen is scanned by electrons. After the interaction the results were shown in
a zigzag pattern.
Advantages
Disadvantages
High-quality and low-voltage images
Very expensive
No need to add coatings on the materials
–
(d) UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis)
It is a spectroscopic technique which absorbs both ultraviolet and visible lights. It
follows Beer-Lambert law. It means when a beam of monochromatic light passed
through a sample, the rate of radiation intensity and the thickness of the sample are
directly proportional to the concentration of the sample.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Give extremely accurate readings
Spectra are not highly specific for particular
molecules
Easy and simple to operate and inexpensive Operation and analysis require special training
(e) X-ray diffraction (XRD)
X-ray diffraction is a method that determines the crystalline structures of the compounds. It is preliminarily used for crystalline materials. Analysis of the samples is
done by X-rays. These X-rays are generated by cathode ray tubes present inside the
XRD system.
XRD is an exclusive method in determination of crystallinity of a compound.
It is mainly used for crystalline material. It differentiates amorphous and
crystalline material. The analysis of XRD is based on constructive interference of